Dalil
العربية

Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2187

The caliphate of Muʿāwiyah b. Abī Sufyān

مَنْ تُوُفِّيَ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ مِنَ الْأَكَابِرِ   سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْعَاصِ بْنِ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْعَاصِ بْنِ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ شَمْسِ بْنِ عَبْدِ مُنَافٍ الْقُرَشِيُّ الْأُمَوِيُّ  ، يُكَنَّى أَبَا عُثْمَانَ، وَيُكَنَّى أَبَا سَعِيدٍ: جَدُّهُ أَبُو أُحَيْحَةَ، قَتَلَ أَبُوهُ الْعَاصِ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ كَافِرًا، وَقُبِضَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَلِسَعِيدٍ تِسْعُ سِنِينَ. وَكَانَ سَعِيدٌ كَرِيمًا، اسْتَسْقَى يَوْمًا مِنْ دَارٍ بِالْمَدِينَةِ، ثُمَّ عَرَضَ صَاحِبُ الدَّارِ الدَّارَ لِلْبَيْعِ، فَقَالَ: لِمَ يَبِيعُهَا ؟ قَالُوا: عَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ أَرْبَعَةُ آلَافِ دِينَارٍ، فَقَالَ: إِنَّ لَهُ لَحُرْمَةً لِسَقْيِهِ إِيَّانَا. فَرَكِبَ إِلَيْهِ وَمَعَهُ غَرِيمُهُ، فَقَالَ لِلْغَرِيمِ: هِيَ لَكَ عَلَيَّ، وَقَالَ لِصَاحِبِ الدَّارِ: اسْتَمْتِعْ بِدَارِكَ. وَكَانَ النَّاسُ يَتَعَشَّوْنَ عِنْدَهُ، وَكَانَ فِيهِمْ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْقُرَّاءِ افْتَقَرَ، فَقَالَتْ لَهُ زَوْجَتُهُ: قَدْ بَلَغَنَا عَنْ أَمِيرِنَا هَذَا كَرَمٌ فَاذْكُرْ لَهُ حَالَكَ فَلَعَلَّهُ أَنْ يُنِيلَنَا شَيْئًا، فَقَالَ: وَيْحَكِ، لَا تُخْلِقِي وَجْهِي، قَالَتْ: فَاذْكُرْ لَهُ عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ. فَتَصَرَّمَ النَّاسُ لَيْلَةً عَنْهُ، وَثَبَتَ الرَّجُلُ، فَقَالَ: سَعِيدٌ: أَظُنُّ جُلُوسَكَ لِحَاجَةٍ، فَسَكَتَ، فَقَالَ لِغِلْمَانِهِ: تَنَحُّوا، ثُمَّ قَالَ لَهُ: رَحِمَكَ اللَّهُ، إِنَّمَا أَنَا وَأَنْتَ فَاذْكُرْ حَاجَتَكَ، فَسَكَتَ، فَأَطْفَأَ السِّرَاجَ ثُمَّ قَالَ: رَحِمَكَ اللَّهُ، لَسْتَ تَرَى وَجْهِي فَاذْكُرْ حَاجَتَكَ، فَقَالَ: أَصْلَحَ اللَّهُ الْأَمِيرَ، لَقَدْ أَصَابَتْنَا حَاجَةٌ فَأَحْبَبْتُ ذِكْرَهَا لَكَ، فَقَالَ: إِذَا أَصْبَحْتَ فَالْقَ فُلَانًا وَكِيلِي. فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحَ الرَّجُلُ لَقِيَ الْوَكِيلَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنَّ الْأَمِيرَ قَدْ أَمَرَ لَكَ بِشَيْءٍ فَائْتِ بِمَنْ يَحْمِلُهُ مَعَكَ، فَقَالَ: مَا عِنْدِي مَنْ يَحْمِلُ، ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ إِلَى زَوْجَتِهِ فَأَخْبَرَهَا الْخَبَرَ وَجَعَلَ يَلُومُهَا وَيَقُولُ: مَا أَظُنُّهُ أَمَرَ لِي إِلَّا بِقَوْصَرَةِ تَمْرٍ وَقَفِيزِ بَزٍّ وَذَهَبَ مَاءُ وَجْهِي، لَوْ كَانَتْ دَرَاهِمَ أَعْطَانِيهَا، فَقَالَتْ لَهُ امْرَأَتُهُ: يَا هَذَا، قَدْ بَلَغَ بِنَا الْأَمْرُ مَا تَرَى فَمَهْمَا أَعْطَاكَ فَإِنَّهُ يُقَوِّتُنَا، فَأَتَى الْوَكِيلَ، فَقَالَ: أَيْنَ تَكُونُ ؟ أَخْبَرْتُ الْأَمِيرَ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ عِنْدَكَ مَنْ يَحْمِلُ فَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ أُوَجِّهَ مَعَكَ مَنْ يَحْمِلُ مَعَكَ مَا أَمَرَ بِهِ، ثُمَّ أَخْرَجَ إِلَيْهِ ثَلَاثَةً مِنَ السُّودَانِ عَلَى رَأْسِ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمْ بَدْرَةُ دَرَاهِمَ وَقَالَ: امْضُوا مَعَهُ، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ الرَّجُلُ بَابَ مَنْزِلِهِ فَتَحَ بَدْرَةً مِنْهَا فَأَخْرَجَ دَرَاهِمَ وَدَفَعَهَا إِلَى السُّودَانِ وَقَالَ: انْصَرِفُوا، قَالُوا: إِلَى أَيْنَ، نَحْنُ عَبِيدُكَ، إِنَّهُ مَا حَمَلَ مَمْلُوكٌ لِلْأَمِيرِ قَطُّ هَدِيَّةً إِلَى أَحَدٍ فَرَجَعَ الْمَمْلُوكُ إِلَى مِلْكِهِ. قَالَ: فَصَلَحَتْ حَالُ الرَّجُلِ. وَلَمَّا احْتَضَرَ سَعِيدٌ قَالَ لِبَنِيهِ: لَا يَفْقِدَنَّ مِنِّي إِخْوَانِي غَيْرَ وَجْهِي، فَاصْنَعُوا لَهُمْ مَا كُنْتُ أَصْنَعُ، وَأَجْرُوا عَلَيْهِمْ مَا كُنْتُ أُجْرِي، فَاكْفُوهُمْ مَئُونَةَ الطَّلَبِ، فَإِنَّ الرَّجُلَ إِذَا طَلَبَ الْحَاجَةَ اضْطَرَبَتْ أَرْكَانُهُ وَارْتَعَدَتْ فَرَائِصُهُ مَخَافَةَ أَنْ يُرَدَّ، فَوَاللَّهِ لَرَجُلٌ يَتَمَلْمَلُ عَلَى فِرَاشِهِ يَرَاكُمْ مَوْضِعًا لِحَاجَةٍ أَعْظَمُ عَلَيْكُمْ مِنَّةً مِنْكُمْ عَلَيْهِ بِمَا تُعْطُونَهُ. وعن خَالِدُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، قَالَ: جَاءَتِ امْرَأَةٌ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِبُرْدٍ فَقَالَتْ: إِنِّي نَوَيْتُ أَنْ أُعْطِيَ هَذَا الثَّوْبَ أَكْرَمَ الْعَرَبِ، فَقَالَ: "أَعْطِيهِ هَذَا الْغُلَامَ ": يَعْنِي سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْعَاصِ، وَهُوَ وَاقِفٌ. وَمَاتَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْعَاصِ فِي قَصْرِهِ بِالْعَرْصَةِ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَمْيَالٍ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ، وَدُفِنَ بِالْبَقِيعِ، وَأَوْصَى إِلَى ابْنِهِ عَمْرٍو الْأَشْدَقِ وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَدْفِنَهُ بِالْبَقِيعِ، وَقَالَ: إِنَّ قَلِيلًا لِي عِنْدَ قَوْمِي فِي بِرِّي بِهِمْ أَنْ يَحْمِلُونِي عَلَى رِقَابِهِمْ مِنَ الْعَرْصَةِ إِلَى الْبَقِيعِ، فَفَعَلُوا، وَأَمَرَ ابْنَهُ عَمْرًا إِذَا دَفَنَهُ أَنْ يَرْكَبَ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ فَيَنْعَاهُ وَيَبِيعَهُ مَنْزِلَهُ بِالْعَرْصَةِ، وَكَانَ مَنْزِلًا قَدْ أَنْحَلَهُ سَعِيدًا، وَغَرَسَ فِيهِ النَّخْلَ وَزَرَعَ وَبَنَى فِيهِ قَصْرًا مُعْجِبًا، وَقَالَ لِابْنِهِ: إِنَّ مَنْزِلِي هَذَا لَيْسَ فِي الْعَقْدِ، إِنَّمَا هُوَ مَنْزِلُ بُرَّةَ، فَبِعْهُ مِنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَاقْضِ عَنِّي دَيْنِي وَمَوَاعِيدِي، وَلَا تَقْبَلْ مِنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ قَضَاءَ دَيْنِي فَتُزَوِّدِنِيهِ إِلَى رَبِّي. فَلَمَّا دَفَنَهُ عَمْرٌو وَوَقَفَ النَّاسُ بِالْبَقِيعِ فَعَزَّوْهُ، ثُمَّ رَكِبَ رَوَاحِلَهُ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ، فَقَدِمَ عَلَيْهِ فَنَعَاهُ لَهُ، فَاسْتَرْجَعَ وَتَوَجَّعَ لِمَوْتِهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: هَلْ تَرَكَ مِنْ دَيْنٍ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، قَالَ: فَكَمْ ؟ قَالَ: ثَلَاثُمِائَةِ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، قَالَ: هِيَ عَلَيَّ، قَالَ: قَدْ أَبَى ذَلِكَ وَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ أَقْضِيَ عَنْهُ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِ، أَبِيعُ مَا اسْتَبَاعَ مِنْهَا، قَالَ: فَاعْرِضْنِي مَا شِئْتَ، قَالَ: أَنْفَسُهَا وَأَحَبُّهَا إِلَيْنَا وَإِلَيْهِ فِي حَيَاتِهِ، مَنْزِلُهُ فِي الْعَرْصَةِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ مُعَاوِيَةُ: هَيْهَاتَ لَا تَبِيعُونَ هَذَا الْمَنْزِلَ، انْظُرْ غَيْرَهُ، قَالَ: فَمَا نَصْنَعُ، نُحِبُّ تَعْجِيلَ قَضَاءِ دَيْنِهِ، قَالَ: قَدْ أَخَذْتُهُ بِثَلَاثِمِائَةِ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، قَالَ: اجْعَلْهَا بِالْوَاقِيَةِ - يُرِيدُونَ دِرْهَمَ فَارِسَ، الدِّرْهَمُ زِنَةُ مِثْقَالِ الذَّهَبِ - قَالَ: قَدْ فَعَلْتُ، قَالَ: فَاحْمِلْهَا إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، قَالَ: قَدْ فَعَلْتُ، فَحَمَلَهَا لَهُ، فَقَدِمَ عَمْرُو بْنُ سَعِيدٍ فَجَعَلَهَا فِي دُيُونِهِ وَحَاسَبَهُمْ بِمَا بَيْنَ الدَّرَاهِمِ الْوَاقِيَةِ - وَهِيَ الْبَعْلِيَّةُ - وَبَيْنَ الدَّرَاهِمِ الْجَوَارِ - وَهِيَ تَنْقُصُ فِي الْعَشْرَةِ ثَلَاثَةً، كُلُّ سَبْعَةٍ بِالْبَعْلِيَّةِ عَشْرَةٌ بِالْجَوَارِ - حَتَّى أَتَاهُ فَتًى مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ فَذَكَرَ حَقًّا لَهُ فِي كُرَاعِ أَدِيمٍ بِعِشْرِينَ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ عَلَى سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ بِخَطِّ مَوْلًى لِسَعِيدٍ كَانَ يَقُومُ لِسَعِيدٍ عَلَى بَعْضِ نَفَقَاتِهِ، وَشَهَادَةُ سَعِيدٍ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ بِخَطِّ سَعِيدٍ، فَعَرَفَ خَطَّ الْمَوْلَى وَخَطَّ أَبِيهِ وَأَنْكَرَ أَنْ يَكُونَ لِلْفَتَى - وَهُوَ صُعْلُوكٌ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ - هَذَا الْمَالُ، فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى مَوْلَى أَبِيهِ الصَّكَّ فَلَمَّا قَرَأَهُ الْمَوْلَى بَكَى ثُمَّ قَالَ: نَعَمْ أَعْرِفُ هَذَا الصَّكَّ، وَهُوَ حَقٌّ، دَعَانِي مَوْلَايَ فَقَالَ لِي وَهَذَا الْفَتَى عِنْدَهُ عَلَى بَابِهِ، مَعَهُ هَذِهِ الْقِطْعَةُ الْأَدِيمِ: اكْتُبْ، فَكَتَبْتُ بِإِمْلَائِهِ هَذَا الْحَقَّ، فَقَالَ عَمْرٌو لِلْفَتَى: وَمَا سَبَبُ مَالِكَ هَذَا ؟ قَالَ: رَأَيْتُهُ يَمْشِي وَحْدَهُ فَقُمْتُ مَشَيْتُ حَتَّى بَلَغَ بَابَ مَنْزِلِهِ، ثُمَّ وَقَفْتُ، فَقَالَ: هَلْ مِنْ حَاجَةٍ ؟ فَقُلْتُ: لَا، إِلَّا أَنِّي رَأَيْتُكَ تَمْشِي وَحْدَكَ فَأَحْبَبْتُ أَنْ أَصِلَ جَنَاحَكَ، فَقَالَ: وَصِلَتُكَ رَحِمٌ يَا ابْنَ أَخِي، ابْغِنِي قِطْعَةَ أَدِيمٍ، فَأَتَيْتُ خَرَّازًا عِنْدَ بَابِ دَارِهِ فَأَخَذْتُ مِنْهُ هَذِهِ الْقِطْعَةَ، فَدَعَا مَوْلَاهُ هَذَا فَقَالَ: اكْتُبْ، فَكَتَبَ عَنْ أَبِيكَ هَذَا الْكِتَابَ وَكَتَبَ فِيهِ شَهَادَتَهُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ ثُمَّ دَفَعَهُ إِلَيَّ وَقَالَ: يَا ابْنَ أَخِي، لَيْسَ عِنْدَنَا الْيَوْمَ شَيْءٌ، فَخُذْ هَذَا الْكِتَابَ فَإِذَا أَتَانَا شَيْءٌ فَائْتِنَا بِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ، فَمَاتَ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَأْتِيَهُ شَيْءٌ. قَالَ عَمْرٌو: لَا جَرَمَ، لَا تَأْخُذْهَا إِلَّا وَافِيَةً، فَدَفَعَهَا إِلَيْهِ. وَرَوَى الزُّبَيْرُ مِنْ طَرِيقٍ آخَرَ: أَنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ اشْتَرَى الْعَرْصَةَ بِأَلْفِ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَكَانَ دَيْنُ سَعِيدٍ ثَلَاثَةَ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ، فَاشْتَرَى مُعَاوِيَةُ الْعَرْصَةَ مِنَ ابْنِ سَعِيدٍ بِأَلْفِ أَلْفٍ، وَالنَّخْلَ بِأَلْفِ أَلْفٍ، وَالْمَزَارِعَ بِأَلْفِ أَلْفٍ. وَذَكَرَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ أَنَّ زِيَادَ بْنَ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ بَعَثَ إِلَى سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ بِهَدَايَا وَأَمْوَالٍ وَكِتَابٍ ذَكَرَ فِيهِ أَنَّهُ يَخْطُبُ إِلَيْهِ ابْنَتَهُ أُمَّ عُثْمَانَ مِنْ أُمَيَّةَ بِنْتِ جَرِيرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْبَجَلِيِّ، فَلَمَّا وَصَلَتِ الْهَدَايَا وَالْأَمْوَالُ وَالْكِتَابُ قَرَأَهُ، ثُمَّ فَرَّقَ الْهَدَايَا فِي جُلَسَائِهِ، ثُمَّ كَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ كِتَابًا لَطِيفًا فِيهِ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى كَلَّا إِنَّ الْإِنْسَانَ لَيَطْغَى أَنْ رَآهُ اسْتَغْنَى [ الْعَلَقِ: 6، 7 ]. وَالسَّلَامُ. وَرُوِّينَا أَنَّ سَعِيدًا خَطَبَ أُمَّ كُلْثُومٍ بِنْتَ عَلِيٍّ مِنْ فَاطِمَةَ، الَّتِي كَانَتْ تَحْتَ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ، فَأَجَابَتْ إِلَى ذَلِكَ وَشَاوَرَتْ أَخَوَيْهَا فَكَرِهَا ذَلِكَ - وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: إِنَّمَا كَرِهَ ذَلِكَ الْحُسَيْنُ وَأَجَابَ الْحَسَنُ - فَهَيَّأَتْ دَارَهَا وَنَصَبَتْ سَرِيرًا وَتَوَاعَدُوا لِلْكِتَابِ، وَأَمَرَتِ ابْنَهَا زَيْدَ بْنَ عُمَرَ أَنْ يُزَوِّجَهَا مِنْهُ، فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهَا بِمِائَةِ أَلْفٍ - وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: بِمِائَتَيْ أَلْفٍ - مَهْرًا. وَاجْتَمَعَ عِنْدَهُ أَصْحَابُهُ لِيَذْهَبُوا مَعَهُ، فَقَالَ: إِنِّي أَكْرَهُ أَنْ أُحْرِجَ ابْنَيْ فَاطِمَةَ. فَتَرَكَ التَّزْوِيجَ، وَأَطْلَقَ جَمِيعَ ذَلِكَ الْمَالِ لَهَا. وَقَالَ ابْنُ مَعِينٍ وَعَبْدُ الْأَعَلَى بْنُ حَمَّادٍ: سَأَلَ أَعْرَابِيٌّ سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْعَاصِ فَأَمَرَ لَهُ بِخَمْسِمِائَةٍ، فَقَالَ الْخَادِمُ: خَمْسُمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ أَوْ دِينَارٍ ؟ فَقَالَ: إِنَّمَا أَمَرْتُكَ بِخَمْسِمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَإِذْ قَدْ جَاشَ فِي نَفْسِكَ أَنَّهَا دَنَانِيرُ، فَادْفَعْ إِلَيْهِ خَمْسَمِائَةِ دِينَارٍ. فَلَمَّا قَبَضَهَا الْأَعْرَابِيُّ جَلَسَ يَبْكِي، فَقَالَ لَهُ: مَالِكٌ ؟ أَلَمْ تَقْبِضْ نَوَالَكَ ؟ قَالَ: بَلَى وَاللَّهِ، وَلَكِنْ أَبْكِي عَلَى الْأَرْضِ كَيْفَ تَأْكُلُ مِثْلَكَ. وَقَالَ عَبْدُ الْحَمِيدِ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ: جَاءَ رَجُلٌ فِي حَمَالَةِ أَرْبَعِ دِيَاتٍ سَأَلَ فِيهَا أَهْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ، فَقِيلَ لَهُ: عَلَيْكَ بِالْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ، أَوْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ جَعْفَرٍ، أَوْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ، أَوْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبَّاسٍ. فَانْطَلَقَ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ، فَإِذَا سَعِيدٌ دَاخِلٌ إِلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ: مَنْ هَذَا ؟ فَقِيلَ: سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْعَاصِ. فَقَصَدَهُ فَذَكَرَ لَهُ مَا أَقْدَمَهُ، فَتَرَكَهُ حَتَّى انْصَرَفَ مِنَ الْمَسْجِدِ إِلَى الْمَنْزِلِ، فَقَالَ لِلْأَعْرَابِيِّ: ائْتِ بِمَنْ يَحْمِلُ مَعَكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: رَحِمَكَ اللَّهُ، إِنَّمَا سَأَلْتُكَ مَالًا لَا تَمْرًا. فَقَالَ: أَعْرِفُ، ائْتِ بِمَنْ يَحْمِلُ مَعَكَ ؟ فَأَعْطَاهُ أَرْبَعِينَ أَلْفًا، فَأَخَذَهَا الْأَعْرَابِيُّ، وَانْصَرَفَ وَلَمْ يَسْأَلْ غَيْرَهُ. وَقَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْعَاصِ لِابْنِهِ: يَا بُنَيَّ، أَخْزَى اللَّهُ الْمَعْرُوفُ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنِ ابْتِدَاءً مِنْ غَيْرِ مَسْأَلَةٍ، فَأَمَّا إِذَا أَتَاكَ الرَّجُلُ تَكَادُ تَرَى دَمَهُ فِي وَجْهِهِ، أَوْ جَاءَكَ مُخَاطِرًا لَا يَدْرِي أَتُعْطِيهِ أَمْ تَمْنَعُهُ، فَوَاللَّهِ لَوْ خَرَجْتَ لَهُ مِنْ جَمِيعِ مَالِكِ مَا كَافَأْتَهُ. وَقَالَ سَعِيدٌ: لِجَلِيسِي عَلَيَّ ثَلَاثٌ ; إِذَا دَنَا رَحَّبْتُ بِهِ، وَإِذَا جَلَسَ أَوْسَعْتُ لَهُ، وَإِذَا حَدَّثَ أَقْبَلْتُ عَلَيْهِ. وَقَالَ أَيْضًا: يَا بُنَيَّ، لَا تُمَازِحِ الشَّرِيفَ فَيَحْقِدَ عَلَيْكَ، وَلَا الدَّنِيءَ فَتَهُونَ عَلَيْهِ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: فَيَجْتَرِئَ عَلَيْكَ. وَخَطَبَ يَوْمًا فَقَالَ: مَنْ رَزَقَهُ اللَّهُ رِزْقًا حَسَنًا فَلْيَكُنْ أَسْعَدَ النَّاسِ بِهِ، إِنَّمَا يَتْرُكُهُ لِأَحَدِ رَجُلَيْنِ ; إِمَّا مُصْلِحٌ فَيَسْعَدُ بِمَا جَمَعْتَ لَهُ وَتَخِيبُ أَنْتَ، وَالْمُصْلِحُ لَا يَقِلُّ عَلَيْهِ شَيْءٌ، وَإِمَّا مُفْسِدٌ فَلَا يَبْقَى لَهُ شَيْءٌ. فَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ: جَمَعَ أَبُو عُثْمَانَ طُرَفَ الْكَلَامِ. وَرَوَى الْأَصْمَعِيُّ، عَنْ حَكِيمِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ قَالَ: قَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْعَاصِ: مَوْطِنَانِ لَا أَسْتَحْيِي مِنْ رِفْقِي فِيهِمَا وَالتَّأَنِّي عِنْدَهُمَا، مُخَاطَبَتِي جَاهِلًا أَوْ سَفِيهًا، وَعِنْدَ مَسْأَلَتِي حَاجَةً لِنَفْسِي. وَدَخَلَتْ عَلَيْهِ امْرَأَةٌ مِنَ الْعَابِدَاتِ، وَهُوَ أَمِيرُ الْكُوفَةِ، فَأَكْرَمهَا وَأَحْسَنَ إِلَيْهَا، فَقَالَتْ: لَا جَعَلَ اللَّهُ لَكَ إِلَى لَئِيمٍ حَاجَةً، وَلَا زَالَتِ الْمِنَّةُ لَكَ فِي أَعْنَاقِ الْكِرَامِ، وَإِذَا أَزَالَ عَنْ كَرِيمٍ نِعْمَةً جَعَلَكَ سَبَبًا لِرَدِّهَا عَلَيْهِ. وَقَدْ كَانَ لَهُ عَشَرَةٌ مِنَ الْوَلَدِ ذُكُورًا وَإِنَاثًا، وَكَانَتْ إِحْدَى زَوْجَاتِهِ أُمَّ الْبَنِينَ بِنْتَ الْحَكَمِ بْنِ أَبِي الْعَاصِ أُخْتَ مَرْوَانَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ. وَرَوَى عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَعَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ، وَعُثْمَانَ، وَعَائِشَةَ، وَعَنْهُ ابْنَاهُ عَمْرُو بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الْأَشْدَقُ، وَيَحْيَى بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، وَسَالِمُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ، وَعُرْوَةُ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، وَغَيْرُهُمْ، وَلَيْسَ لَهُ فِي " الْمُسْنَدِ " وَلَا فِي الْكُتُبِ السِّتَّةِ شَيْءٌ. وَقَدْ كَانَ حَسَنَ السِّيرَةِ، جَيِّدَ السَّرِيرَةِ، وَكَانَ كَثِيرًا مَا يَجْمَعُ أَصْحَابَهُ فِي كُلِّ جُمُعَةٍ فَيُطْعِمُهُمْ وَيَكْسُوهُمُ الْحُلَلَ، وَيُرْسِلُ إِلَى بُيُوتِهِمْ بِالْهَدَايَا وَالتُّحَفِ وَالْبِرِّ الْكَثِيرِ، وَكَانَ يُصِرُّ الصُّرَرَ فَيَضَعُهَا بَيْنَ يَدَيِ الْمُصَلِّينَ مِنْ ذَوِي الْحَاجَاتِ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ. قَالَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: وَقَدْ كَانَتْ لَهُ دَارٌ بِدِمَشْقَ تُعْرَفُ بَعْدَهُ بِدَارِ نَعِيمٍ، وَحَمَّامِ نَعِيمٍ، بِنَوَاحِي الدِّيمَاسِ، ثُمَّ رَجَعَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَأَقَامَ بِهَا إِلَى أَنْ مَاتَ، وَكَانَ كَرِيمًا جَوَادًا مُمَدَّحًا. ثُمَّ أَوْرَدَ شَيْئًا مِنْ حَدِيثِهِ فعن هِشَامُ بْنُ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّ سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْعَاصِ قَالَ: إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: " خِيَارُكُمْ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ خِيَارُكُمْ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ ". شَدَّادُ بْنُ أَوْسِ بْنِ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الْمُنْذِرِ بْنِ حَرَامٍ، أَبُو يَعْلَى شَدَّادُ بْنُ أَوْسِ بْنِ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الْمُنْذِرِ بْنِ حَرَامٍ  ، أَبُو يَعْلَى الْأَنْصَارِيُّ الْخَزْرَجِيُّ صَحَابِيٌّ جَلِيلٌ، وَهُوَ ابْنُ أَخِي حَسَّانَ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ. وَحَكَى ابْنُ مَنْدَهْ، عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ عُقْبَةَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: شَهِدَ بَدْرًا. قَالَ ابْنُ مَنْدَهْ: وَهُوَ وَهْمٌ. وَكَانَ مِنَ الِاجْتِهَادِ فِي الْعِبَادَةِ عَلَى جَانِبٍ عَظِيمٍ، كَانَ إِذَا أَخَذَ مَضْجَعَهُ يُعَلِّقُ عَلَى فِرَاشِهِ، وَيَتَقَلَّبُ عَلَيْهِ وَيَتَلَوَّى كَمَا تَتَلَوَّى الْحَيَّةُ، وَيَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنَّ خَوْفَ النَّارِ قَدْ أَقْلَقَنِي. ثُمَّ يَقُومُ إِلَى صَلَاتِهِ. قَالَ عُبَادَةُ بْنُ الصَّامِتِ: كَانَ شَدَّادٌ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْعِلْمَ وَالْحِلْمَ. نَزَلَ شَدَّادٌ فِلَسْطِينَ وَبَيْتَ الْمَقْدِسِ، وَمَاتَ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ عَنْ خَمْسٍ وَسَبْعِينَ سَنَةً، وَقِيلَ: مَاتَ سَنَةَ أَرْبَعٍ وَسِتِّينَ. وَقِيلَ: سَنَةَ إِحْدَى وَأَرْبَعِينَ. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ، يُكَنَّى أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ  : أُمُّهُ أُمُّ رُومَانَ بِنْتُ عَامِرٍ، وَهُوَ أَخُو عَائِشَةَ لِأَبَوَيْهَا وَكَانَ أَسَنَّ أَوْلَادِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، لَمْ يَزَلْ عَلَى دِينِ قَوْمِهِ وَشَهِدَ بَدْرًا مَعَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَدَعَا إِلَى الْمُبَارَزَةِ فَقَامَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ لِيُبَارِزَهُ، فَقَالَ لَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "مَتِّعْنَا بِنَفْسِكَ "، ثُمَّ أَسْلَمَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ فِي هُدْنَةِ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي قَالَ لِمَرْوَانَ لِمَا دُعِيَ إِلَى بَيْعَةِ يَزِيدَ: إِنَّمَا يُرِيدُونَ أَنْ يَجْعَلُوهَا كِسْرَوِيَّةً أَوْ هِرَقْلِيَّةً، فَقَالَ مَرْوَانُ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، هَذَا الَّذِي قَالَ لِوَالِدَيْهِ أُفٍّ لَكُمَا أَتَعِدَانِنِي أَنْ أُخْرَجَ، فَصَاحَتْ بِهِ عَائِشَةُ: أَلِعَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ يَقُولُ هَذَا، كَذَّبْتَ وَاللَّهِ مَا هُوَ بِهِ، وَلَوْ شِئْتُ أَنْ أُسَمِّيَ الرَّجُلَ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ فِيهِ لَسَمَّيْتُهُ، وَلَكِنِّي أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَعَنَ أَبَاكَ وَأَنْتَ فِي صُلْبِهِ. وَهَاجَرَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، وَأَطْعَمَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِخَيْبَرَ أَرْبَعِينَ وَسْقًا، وَرَوَى الْحَدِيثَ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. وَكَانَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ يَتَّجِرُ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ إِلَى الشَّامِ بِمَالِهِ وَمَالِ قُرَيْشٍ فَرَأَى لَيْلَى بِنْتَ الْجُودِيِّ فَهَوِيَهَا، فَلَمَّا فَتَحَ خَالِدٌ الشَّامَ زَمَنَ عَمَرَ صَارَتْ إِلَيْهِ فَازْدَادَ بِهَا شَغَفًا. عن مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الضَّحَّاكِ الْحَرَّانِيُّ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ: أَنَّ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ قَدِمَ الشَّامَ فِي تِجَارَةٍ، فَرَأَى هُنَاكَ امْرَأَةً يُقَالُ لَهَا ابْنَةُ الْجُودِيِّ عَلَى طَنْفَسَةٍ لَهَا وَلَائِدُ، فَأَعْجَبَتْهُ فَقَالَ لَهَا: أَتَذْكُرُ لَيْلَى وَالسَّمَاوَةُ دُونَهَا وَمَا لِابْنَةِ الْجُودِيِّ لَيْلَى وَمَا لِيَا     وَأَنَّى تَعَاطَى قَلْبَهُ حَارِثِيَّةٌ تَؤُمَّنَّ بُصْرَى أَوْ يَحِلُّ الْجَوَابِيَا     وَأَنِّي بِلَاقِيهَا بَلَى وَلَعَلَّهَا إِنِ النَّاسُ حَجُّوا قَابِلًا أَنْ تُلَاقِيَا فَلَمَّا بَعَثَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ جَيْشَهُ إِلَى الشَّامِ قَالَ لِصَاحِبِ الْجَيْشِ: إِنْ ظَفَرْتَ بِلَيْلَى بِنْتِ الْجُودِيِّ عَنْوَةً فَادْفَعْهَا إِلَى عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَظَفَرَ بِهَا فَدَفَعَهَا إِلَى عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ فَأُعْجِبَ بِهَا وَآثَرَهَا عَلَى نِسَائِهِ حَتَّى شَكَوْنَهُ إِلَى عَائِشَةَ، فَعَاتَبَتْهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ: وَاللَّهِ كَأَنِّي أَرْشِفُ بِأَنْيَابِهَا حَبَّ الرُّمَّانِ، فَأَصَابَهَا وَجَعٌ سَقَطَ لَهُ فُوهَا فَجَفَاهَا حَتَّى شَكَتْهُ إِلَى عَائِشَةَ، فَقَالَتْ لَهُ عَائِشَةُ: يَا عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ، لَقَدْ أَحْبَبْتَ لَيْلَى فَأَفْرَطْتَ وَأَبْغَضْتَهَا فَأَفْرَطْتَ، فَإِمَّا أَنْ تُنْصِفَهَا وَإِمَّا أَنْ تُجَهِّزَهَا إِلَى أَهْلِهَا. قَالَ الزُّبَيْرُ: وعَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ: أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ نَفَّلَ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ لَيْلَى بِنْتَ الْجُودِيِّ حِينَ فَتَحَ دِمَشْقَ، وَكَانَتِ ابْنَةَ مَلِكِ دِمَشْقَ. وَمِمَّا يُرْوَى لِعَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ فِي لَيْلَى بِنْتِ الْجُودِيِّ هَذَا: يَا ابْنَةَ الْجُودِيِّ قَلْبِي [كَئِيبٌ ]     مُسْتَهَامٌ عِنْدَهَا مَا يَؤُوبُ جَاوَرْتُ أَخْوَالَهَا حَيَّ عَكٍّ     فَلَعَلَّكِ مِنْ فُؤَادِي نَصِيبٌ وَلَقَدْ لَامُوا فَقُلْتُ ذَرُونِي     إِنَّ مَنْ يُلْحُونَ فِيهَا الْحَبِيبُ غُصْنُ بَانٍ مَا خَلَا الْخَصْرُ مِنْهَا     ثُمَّ مَا أَسْفَلَ ذَاكَ كَثِيبٌ قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ: كُنْتُ أُعَاتِبُهُ فِي كَثْرَةِ مَحَبَّتِهِ لَهَا، ثُمَّ صِرْتُ أُعَاتِبُهُ فِي إِسَاءَتِهِ إِلَيْهَا، حَتَّى رَدَّهَا إِلَى أَهْلِهَا. وعَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي مُلَيْكَةَ، قَالَ: مَاتَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بِالْحَبَشِيِّ فَحُمِلَ حَتَّى دُفِنَ بِمَكَّةَ، فَقَدِمَتْ عَائِشَةُ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ فَأَتَتْ قَبْرَهُ فَوَقَفَتْ عَلَيْهِ فَتَمَثَّلَتْ بِهَذَيْنِ الْبَيْتَيْنِ: وَكُنَّا كَنَدْمَانَيْ جَذِيمَةَ حِقْبَةً     مِنَ الدَّهْرِ حَتَّى قِيلَ لَنْ يَتَصَدَّعَا فَلَمَّا تَفَرَّقْنَا كَأَنِّي وَمَالِكًا     لِطُولِ اجْتِمَاعٍ لَمْ نَبِتْ لَيْلَةً مَعًا ثُمَّ قَالَتْ: أَمَا وَاللَّهِ لَوْ شَهِدْتُكَ مَا زُرْتُ قَبْرَكَ، وَلَوْ شَهِدْتُكَ مَا حَمَلْتُ مِنْ حَبَشِيٍّ مَيِّتًا وَلَدُفِنْتَ مَكَانَكَ. وعَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ] بْنِ أَبِي مُلَيْكَةَ: أَنَّ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ تُوُفِّيَ فِي مَنْزِلٍ لَهُ فَحَمَلْنَاهُ عَلَى رِقَابِنَا سِتَّةَ أَمْيَالٍ إِلَى مَكَّةَ، وَعَائِشَةُ غَائِبَةٌ، فَقَدِمَتْ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَقَالَتْ: أَرُونِي قَبْرَ أَخِي، فَصَلَّتْ عَلَيْهِ. وعَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ سَعِيدٍ، قَالَ: تُوُفِّيَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ فِي نَوْمَةٍ نَامَهَا فَأَعْيَتْ عَنْهُ عَائِشَةُ زَمَانًا. . وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَة تُوُفِّيَ عُمَيْرَةُ بْنُ يَثْرِبِيٍّ قَاضِي الْبَصْرَةِ  ، فَاسْتَقْضَى مَكَانَهُ هِشَامَ بْنَ هُبَيْرَةَ. عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْعَبَّاسِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ بْنِ هَاشِمٍ، أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ الْهَاشِمِيُّ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَبَّاسِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ الْقُرَشِيُّ الْهَاشِمِيُّ   ابْنُ عَمِّ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَكَانَ أَصْغَرَ مِنْ أَخِيهِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بِسَنَةٍ. وَأُمُّهُمَا أُمُّ الْفَضْلِ لُبَابَةُ بِنْتُ الْحَارِثِ الْهِلَالِيَّةُ. وَكَانَ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ كَرِيمًا جَمِيلًا وَسِيمًا، يُشْبِهُ أَبَاهُ فِي الْجَمَالِ. رُوِّينَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَانَ يَصِفُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ وَعُبَيْدَ اللَّهِ وَكَثِيرًا ثُمَّ يَقُولُ: " مَنْ سَبَقَ إِلَيَّ فَلَهُ كَذَا ". فَيَسْتَبِقُونَ إِلَيْهِ فَيَقَعُونَ عَلَى ظَهْرِهِ وَصَدْرِهِ فَيُقَبِّلُهُمْ وَيَلْتَزِمُهُمْ. وَقَدِ اسْتَنَابَهُ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ فِي أَيَّامِ خِلَافَتِهِ عَلَى الْيَمَنِ، وَحَجَّ بِالنَّاسِ فِي سَنَةِ سِتٍّ وَثَلَاثِينَ وَسَنَةَ سَبْعٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ سَنَةُ ثَمَانٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ اخْتَلَفَ هُوَ وَيَزِيدُ بْنُ شَجَرَةَ الرَّهَاوِيُّ الَّذِي قَدِمَ عَلَى الْحَجِّ مِنْ جِهَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، ثُمَّ اصْطَلَحَا عَلَى شَيْبَةَ بْنِ عُثْمَانَ الْحَجَبِيِّ، فَأَقَامَ لِلنَّاسِ الْحَجَّ عَامَئِذٍ، ثُمَّ لَمَّا صَارَتِ الشَّوْكَةُ لِمُعَاوِيَةَ تَسَلَّطَ عَلَى عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بُسْرُ بْنُ أَبِي أَرْطَاةَ، فَقَتَلَ لَهُ وَلَدَيْنِ، وَجَرَتْ أُمُورٌ بِالْيَمَنِ قَدْ ذَكَرْنَا بَعْضَهَا. وَكَانَ يَقْدُمُ هُوَ وَأَخُوهُ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ الْمَدِينَةَ فَيُوسِعُهُمْ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ عِلْمًا، وَيُوسِعُهُمْ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ كَرَمًا. وَقَدْ رُوِيَ أَنَّهُ نَزَلَ فِي مَسِيرٍ لَهُ، مَعَ مَوْلًى لَهُ عَلَى خَيْمَةِ رَجُلٍ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ، فَلَمَّا رَآهُ الْأَعْرَابِيُّ أَعْظَمَهُ وَأَجَلَّهُ، وَرَأَى حُسْنَهُ وَشَكْلَهُ، فَقَالَ لِامْرَأَتِهِ: وَيْحَكِ ! مَاذَا عِنْدَكِ لِضَيْفِنَا هَذَا ؟ فَقَالَتْ: لَيْسَ عِنْدَنَا إِلَّا هَذِهِ الشُّوَيْهَةُ الَّتِي حَيَاةُ ابْنَتِكَ مِنْ لَبَنِهَا. فَقَالَ: إِنَّهُ لَا بُدَّ مِنْ ذَبْحِهَا. فَقَالَتْ: أَتَقْتُلُ ابْنَتَكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: وَإِنْ. فَأَخَذَ الشَّفْرَةَ وَالشَّاةَ، وَجَعَلَ يَذْبَحُهَا وَيَسْلُخُهَا، وَهُوَ يَقُولُ مُرْتَجِزًا: يَا جَارَتِي لَا تُوقِظِي الْبُنَيَّهْ     إِنْ تُوقِظِيهَا تَنْتَحِبْ عَلَيَّهْ وَتَنْزِعِ الشَّفْرَةَ مِنْ يَدَيَّهْ ثُمَّ هَيَّأَهَا طَعَامًا، فَوَضَعَهَا بَيْنَ يَدَيْ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ وَمَوْلَاهُ فَعَشَّاهُمَا، وَكَانَ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ قَدْ سَمِعَ مُحَاوَرَتَهُ لِامْرَأَتِهِ فِي الشَّاةِ، فَلَمَّا أَرَادَ الِارْتِحَالَ قَالَ لِمَوْلَاهُ: وَيْلَكَ ! مَاذَا مَعَكَ مِنَ الْمَالِ ؟ فَقَالَ: مَعِي خَمْسُمِائَةِ دِينَارٍ فَضَلَتْ مِنْ نَفَقَتِكَ. فَقَالَ: ادْفَعْهَا إِلَى الْأَعْرَابِيِّ. فَقَالَ: سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ، تُعْطِيهِ خَمْسَمِائَةِ دِينَارٍ، وَإِنَّمَا ذَبْحَ لَكَ شَاةً وَاحِدَةً تُسَاوِي خَمْسَةَ دَرَاهِمَ ؟ ! فَقَالَ: وَيْحَكَ ! وَاللَّهِ لَهْوَ أَسْخَى مِنَّا وَأَجْوَدُ ; لِأَنَّا إِنَّمَا أَعْطَيْنَاهُ بَعْضَ مَا نَمْلِكُ، وَجَادَ هُوَ عَلَيْنَا بِجَمِيعِ مَا يَمْلُكُ، وَآثَرَنَا عَلَى مُهْجَةِ نَفْسِهِ وَوَلَدِهِ. فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ مُعَاوِيَةَ فَقَالَ: لِلَّهِ دَرُّ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ ! مِنْ أَيِّ بَيْضَةٍ خَرَجَ ؟ ! وَمَنْ أَيِّ شَيْءٍ دَرَجَ ؟ ! قَالَ خَلِيفَةُ بْنُ خَيَّاطٍ: تُوُفِّيَ سَنَةَ ثَمَانٍ وَخَمْسِينَ. وَقَالَ غَيْرُهُ: تُوُفِّيَ فِي أَيَّامِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ. وَقَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ الْقَاسِمُ بْنُ سَلَّامٍ: تُوُفِّيَ فِي سَنَةِ سَبْعٍ وَثَمَانِينَ. وَكَانَتْ وَفَاتُهُ بِالْمَدِينَةِ، وَقِيلَ: بِالْيَمَنِ. وَلَهُ حَدِيثٌ وَاحِدٌ. أم المؤمنين عائشة بنت أبي بكر الصديق وَمِمَّنْ تُوُفِّيَ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ أُمُّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَائِشَةُ بِنْتُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ  زَوْجَةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَأَحَبُّ أَزْوَاجِهِ إِلَيْهِ، الْمُبَرَّأَةُ مِنْ فَوْقِ سَبْعِ سَمَاوَاتٍ، ؓ، وَأُمُّهَا هِيَ أُمُّ رُومَانَ بِنْتُ عَامِرِ بْنِ عُوَيْمِرٍ الْكِنَانِيَّةُ، تُكَنَّى عَائِشَةُ بِأُمِّ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، قِيلَ: كَنَّاهَا بِذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ ; بِابْنِ أُخْتِهَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّهَا أَسْقَطَتْ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ سُقْطًا، فَسَمَّاهُ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ. وَلَمْ يَتَزَوَّجْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِكْرًا غَيْرَهَا، وَلَمْ يَنْزِلْ عَلَيْهِ الْوَحْيُ فِي لِحَافِ امْرَأَةٍ غَيْرِهَا، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ فِي أَزْوَاجِهِ أَحَبُّ إِلَيْهِ مِنْهَا، تَزَوَّجَهَا بِمَكَّةَ بَعْدَ وَفَاةِ خَدِيجَةَ، وَقَدْ أَتَاهُ الْمَلَكُ بِهَا فِي الْمَنَامِ فِي سَرَقَةٍ مِنْ حَرِيرٍ، مَرَّتَيْنِ أَوْ ثَلَاثًا، فَيَقُولُ: هَذِهِ زَوْجَتُكَ. قَالَ: " فَأَكْشِفُ عَنْكِ فَإِذَا هِيَ أَنْتِ ". فَأَقُولُ: " إِنْ يَكُنْ هَذَا مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ يُمْضِهِ ". فَخَطَبَهَا مِنْ أَبِيهَا فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، أَوَتَحِلُّ لَكَ ؟ قَالَ: " نَعَمْ ". قَالَ: أَوَلَسْتُ أَخَاكَ ؟ قَالَ: " بَلَى، فِي الْإِسْلَامِ، وَهِيَ لِي حَلَالٌ " فَتَزَوَّجَهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَحَظِيَتْ عِنْدَهُ. وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ قَبْلَ الْهِجْرَةِ بِسَنَتَيْنِ، وَقِيلَ: بِسَنَةٍ وَنِصْفٍ. وَقِيلَ: بِثَلَاثِ سِنِينَ. وَكَانَ عُمْرُهَا إِذْ ذَاكَ سِتَّ سِنِينَ، ثُمَّ دَخَلَ بِهَا وَهِيَ بِنْتُ تِسْعِ سِنِينَ بَعْدَ بَدْرٍ فِي شَوَّالٍ مِنْ سَنَةِ ثِنْتَيْنِ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ فَأَحَبَّهَا. وَلَمَّا تَكَلَّمَ فِيهَا أَهْلُ الْإِفْكِ بِالزُّورِ وَالْبُهْتَانِ غَارَ اللَّهُ لَهَا، فَأَنْزَلَ لَهَا بَرَاءَتَهَا فِي عَشْرِ آيَاتٍ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ تُتْلَى عَلَى تَعَاقُبِ الْأَزْمَانِ. تكفير من قذف عائشة بعد براءتها وَقَدْ أَجْمَعَ الْعُلَمَاءُ عَلَى تَكْفِيرِ مَنْ قَذَفَهَا بَعْدَ بَرَاءَتِهَا  ، وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي بَقِيَّةِ أُمَّهَاتِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، هَلْ يَكْفُرُ مَنْ قَذَفَهُنَّ أَمْ لَا  ؟ عَلَى قَوْلَيْنِ، وَأَصَحُّهُمَا أَنَّهُ يَكْفُرُ ; لِأَنَّ الْمَقْذُوفَةَ زَوْجَةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَاللَّهُ تَعَالَى إِنَّمَا غَضِبَ لَهَا، لِأَنَّهَا زَوْجَةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَهِيَ وَغَيْرُهَا مِنْهُنَّ سَوَاءٌ. وَمِنْ خَصَائِصِهَا، ؓ، أَنَّهَا كَانَ لَهَا فِي الْقَسْمِ يَوْمَانِ   ; يَوْمُهَا وَيَوْمُ سَوْدَةَ حِينَ وَهَبَتْهَا ذَلِكَ تَقَرُّبًا إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَأَنَّهُ مَاتَ فِي يَوْمِهَا وَفِي بَيْتِهَا، وَبَيْنَ سَحْرِهَا وَنَحْرِهَا، وَجَمْعَ اللَّهُ بَيْنَ رِيقِهِ وَرِيقِهَا فِي آخِرِ سَاعَةٍ مِنْ سَاعَاتِهِ مِنَ الدُّنْيَا، وَأَوَّلِ سَاعَةٍ مِنَ الْآخِرَةِ، وَدُفِنَ فِي بَيْتِهَا. وعَنْ عَائِشَةَ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ: " إِنَّهُ لَيُهَوِّنُ عَلَيَّ أَنِّي رَأَيْتُ بَيَاضَ كَفِّ عَائِشَةَ فِي الْجَنَّةِ ".. وَهَذَا فِي غَايَةِ مَا يَكُونُ مِنَ الْمَحَبَّةِ الْعَظِيمَةِ ; أَنَّهُ يَرْتَاحُ لِأَنَّهُ رَأَى بَيَاضَ كَفِّهَا أَمَامَهُ فِي الْجَنَّةِ. وَمِنْ خَصَائِصِهَا أَنَّهَا أَعْلَمُ نِسَاءِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ  ، بَلْ هِيَ أَعْلَمُ النِّسَاءِ عَلَى الْإِطْلَاقِ ; قَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ: لَوْ جُمِعَ عِلْمُ عَائِشَةَ إِلَى عِلْمِ جَمِيعِ أَزْوَاجِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَعِلْمِ جَمِيعِ النِّسَاءِ، لَكَانَ عِلْمُ عَائِشَةَ أَفْضَلَ. وَقَالَ عَطَاءُ بْنُ أَبِي رَبَاحٍ كَانَتْ عَائِشَةُ أَفْقَهَ النَّاسِ، وَأَعْلَمَ النَّاسِ، وَأَحْسَنَ النَّاسِ رَأْيًا فِي الْعَامَّةِ. وَقَالَ عُرْوَةُ: مَا رَأَيْتُ أَحَدًا أَعْلَمَ بِفِقْهٍ وَلَا طِبٍّ وَلَا شِعْرٍ مِنْ عَائِشَةَ. وَلَمْ تَرْوِ امْرَأَةٌ وَلَا رَجُلٌ، غَيْرُ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنَ الْأَحَادِيثِ بِقَدْرِ رِوَايَتِهَا، ؓ. وَقَالَ أَبُو مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيُّ: مَا أَشْكَلَ عَلَيْنَا - أَصْحَابَ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ - حَدِيثٌ قَطُّ فَسَأَلْنَا عَائِشَةَ، إِلَّا وَجَدْنَا عِنْدَهَا مِنْهُ عِلْمًا. رَوَاهُ التِّرْمِذِيُّ. وَقَالَ أَبُو الضُّحَى عَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ: رَأَيْتُ مَشْيَخَةَ أَصْحَابِ مُحَمَّدٍ الْأَكَابِرَ يَسْأَلُونَهَا عَنِ الْفَرَائِضِ. فَأَمَّا مَا يَلْهَجُ بِهِ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْفُقَهَاءِ وَعُلَمَاءِ الْأُصُولِ مِنْ إِيرَادِ حَدِيثِ: " خُذُوا شَطْرَ دِينِكُمْ عَنِ الْحُمَيْرَاءِ ". فَإِنَّهُ لَيْسَ لَهُ أَصْلٌ، وَلَا هُوَ مُثْبَتٌ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ أُصُولِ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَسَأَلَتُ عَنْهُ شَيْخَنَا أَبَا الْحَجَّاجِ الْمِزِّيَّ فَقَالَ: لَا أَصْلَ لَهُ. ثُمَّ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِي النِّسَاءِ أَعْلَمُ مِنْ تِلْمِيذَاتِهَا ; عَمْرَةَ بِنْتِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، وَحَفْصَةَ بِنْتِ سِيرِينَ، وَعَائِشَةَ بِنْتِ طَلْحَةَ، وَقَدْ تَفَرَّدَتْ أُمُّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَائِشَةُ، ؓ، بِمَسَائِلَ مِنْ بَيْنِ الصَّحَابَةِ لَمْ تُوجَدْ إِلَّا عِنْدَهَا، وَانْفَرَدَتْ بِاخْتِيَارَاتٍ أَيْضًا، وَرَدَّتْ أَخْبَارًا بِخِلَافِهَا بِنَوْعٍ مِنَ التَّأْوِيلِ. وَقَدْ جَمَعَ ذَلِكَ غَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ مِنَ الْأَئِمَّةِ. وَقَالَ الشَّعْبِيُّ: كَانَ مَسْرُوقٌ إِذَا حَدَّثَ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَ: حَدَّثَتْنِي الصِّدِّيقَةُ بِنْتُ الصِّدِّيقِ، حَبِيبَةُ حَبِيبِ اللَّهِ، الْمُبَرَّأَةُ مِنْ فَوْقِ سَبْعِ سَمَاوَاتٍ. وَثَبَتَ فِي " صَحِيحِ الْبُخَارِيِّ " مِنْ حَدِيثِ أَبِي عُثْمَانَ النَّهْدِيِّ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ قَالَ: قُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، أَيُّ النَّاسِ أَحَبُّ إِلَيْكَ ؟ قَالَ: " عَائِشَةُ ". قُلْتُ: وَمِنَ الرِّجَالِ ؟ قَالَ: " أَبُوهَا ". وَفِي " صَحِيحِ الْبُخَارِيِّ " أَيْضًا، عَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " كَمَلَ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ كَثِيرٌ، وَلَمْ يَكْمُلْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ إِلَّا مَرْيَمُ بِنْتُ عِمْرَانَ، وَخَدِيجَةُ بِنْتُ خُوَيْلِدٍ، وَآسِيَةُ امْرَأَةُ فِرْعَوْنَ، وَفَضْلُ عَائِشَةَ عَلَى النِّسَاءِ كَفَضْلِ الثَّرِيدِ عَلَى سَائِرِ الطَّعَامِ ". تفضيل عائشة على خديجة وَقَدِ اسْتَدَلَّ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ مِمَّنْ ذَهَبَ إِلَى تَفْضِيلِ عَائِشَةَ عَلَى خَدِيجَةَ  ، بِهَذَا الْحَدِيثِ، فَإِنَّهُ دَخَلَ فِيهِ سَائِرُ النِّسَاءِ الثَّلَاثِ الْمَذْكُورَاتِ وَغَيْرُهُنَّ. وَيُعَضِّدُ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا الْحَدِيثُ الَّذِي رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ: وعَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَتِ: اسْتَأْذَنَتْ هَالَةُ بِنْتُ خُوَيْلِدٍ أُخْتُ خَدِيجَةَ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَعَرَفَ اسْتِئْذَانَ خَدِيجَةَ، فَارْتَاعَ لِذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ: " اللَّهُمَّ هَالَةَ ". قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ: فَغِرْتُ، فَقُلْتُ: مَا تَذْكُرُ مِنْ عَجُوزٍ مِنْ عَجَائِزِ قُرَيْشٍ، حَمْرَاءِ الشِّدْقَيْنِ، هَلَكَتْ فِي الدَّهْرِ، قَدْ أَبْدَلَكَ اللَّهُ خَيْرًا مِنْهَا ؟ هَكَذَا رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ. فَأَمَّا مَا يُرْوَى فِيهِ مِنَ الزِّيَادَةِ: " مَا أَبْدَلَنِي اللَّهُ خَيْرًا مِنْهَا ". فَلَيْسَ يَصِحُّ سَنَدُهَا. وَقَدْ ذَكَرْنَا ذَلِكَ مُطَوَّلًا عِنْدَ وَفَاةِ خَدِيجَةَ، وَذَكَرْنَا حُجَّةَ مَنْ ذَهَبَ إِلَى تَفْضِيلِهَا عَلَى عَائِشَةَ بِمَا أَغْنَى عَنْ إِعَادَتِهِ هَاهُنَا. وعَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، قَالَ أَبُو سَلَمَةَ: إِنَّ عَائِشَةَ، ؓ، قَالَتْ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمًا: " يَا عَائِشُ، هَذَا جِبْرِيلُ يُقْرِئُكِ السَّلَامَ ". فَقُلْتُ: وَعَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ، تَرَى مَا لَا أَرَى. وَثَبَتَ فِي " صَحِيحِ الْبُخَارِيِّ " أَنَّ النَّاسَ كَانُوا يَتَحَرَّوْنَ بِهَدَايَاهُمْ يَوْمَ عَائِشَةَ، فَاجْتَمَعَ أَزْوَاجُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ إِلَى أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ، وَقُلْنَ لَهَا: قُولِي لَهُ يَأْمُرُ النَّاسَ أَنْ يُهْدُوا إِلَيْهِ حَيْثُ كَانَ. فَقَالَتْ أُمُّ سَلَمَةَ: فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ عَلَيَّ قُلْتُ لَهُ ذَلِكَ، فَأَعْرَضَ عَنِّي. ثُمَّ قُلْنَ لَهَا ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَتْ لَهُ، فَأَعْرَضَ عَنْهَا، ثُمَّ لَمَّا دَارَ إِلَيْهَا قَالَتْ لَهُ، فَقَالَ: " يَا أُمَّ سَلَمَةَ، لَا تُؤْذِينِي فِي عَائِشَةَ، فَإِنَّهُ وَاللَّهِ مَا نَزَلَ عَلَيَّ الْوَحْيُ وَأَنَا فِي لِحَافِ امْرَأَةٍ مِنْكُنَّ غَيْرِهَا ". وَذَكَرَ أَنَّهُنَّ بَعَثْنَ فَاطِمَةَ ابْنَتَهُ إِلَيْهِ، فَقَالَتْ: إِنَّ نِسَاءَكَ يَنْشُدُونَكَ الْعَدْلَ فِي ابْنةِ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ أَبِي قُحَافَةَ. فَقَالَ: " يَا بُنَيَّةُ، أَلَّا تُحِبِّينَ مَنْ أُحِبُّ ؟ " قَالَتْ: قُلْتُ: بَلَى. قَالَ: " فَأَحِبِّي هَذِهِ ". ثُمَّ بَعَثْنَ زَيْنَبَ بِنْتَ جَحْشٍ فَدَخَلَتْ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَعِنْدَهُ عَائِشَةُ، فَتَكَلَّمَتْ زَيْنَبُ، وَنَالَتْ مِنْ عَائِشَةَ، فَانْتَصَرَتْ عَائِشَةُ مِنْهَا، وَكَلَّمَتْهَا حَتَّى أَفْحَمَتْهَا، فَجَعَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَنْظُرُ إِلَى عَائِشَةَ، وَيَقُولُ: " إِنَّهَا ابْنَةُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ ". وَذَكَرْنَا أَنَّ عَمَّارًا لَمَّا جَاءَ يَسْتَصْرِخُ النَّاسَ وَيَسْتَنْفِرُهُمْ إِلَى قِتَالِ طَلْحَةَ وَالزُّبَيْرِ أَيَّامَ الْجَمَلِ، صَعِدَ هُوَ وَالْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ عَلَى مِنْبَرِ الْكُوفَةِ فَسَمِعَ عَمَّارُ رَجُلًا يَنَالُ مِنْ عَائِشَةَ فَقَالَ لَهُ: اسْكُتْ مَقْبُوحًا مَنْبُوحًا، وَاللَّهِ إِنَّهَا لِزَوْجَةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَفِي الْآخِرَةِ، وَلَكِنَّ اللَّهَ ابْتَلَاكُمْ لِيَعْلَمَ إِيَّاهُ تُطِيعُونَ أَوْ إِيَّاهَا. وعن ذَكْوَانُ حَاجِبُ عَائِشَةَ، أَنَّهُ جَاءَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَبَّاسٍ يَسْتَأْذِنُ عَلَى عَائِشَةَ، فَجِئْتُ وَعِنْدَ رَأْسِهَا ابْنُ أَخِيهَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، فَقُلْتُ: هَذَا ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ يَسْتَأْذِنُ. فَأَكَبَّ عَلَيْهَا ابْنُ أَخِيهَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ فَقَالَ: هَذَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَبَّاسٍ يَسْتَأْذِنُ. وَهِيَ تَمُوتُ، فَقَالَتْ: دَعْنِي مِنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ. فَقَالَ: يَا أُمَّتَاهُ، إِنَّ ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ مِنْ صَالِحِ بَنِيكِ يُسَلِّمُ عَلَيْكِ وَيُوَدِّعُكِ. فَقَالَتِ: ائْذَنْ لَهُ إِنْ شِئْتَ. قَالَ: فَأَدْخَلْتُهُ، فَلَمَّا جَلَسَ قَالَ: أَبْشِرِي. فَقَالَتْ: بِمَاذَا ؟ فَقَالَ: مَا بَيْنَكِ وَبَيْنَ أَنْ تَلْقَيْ مُحَمَّدًا ﷺ وَالْأَحِبَّةَ إِلَّا أَنَّ تَخْرُجَ الرُّوحُ مِنَ الْجَسَدِ، كُنْتِ أَحَبَّ نِسَاءِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَيْهِ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يُحِبُّ إِلَّا طَيِّبًا، وَسَقَطَتْ قِلَادَتُكِ لَيْلَةَ الْأَبْوَاءِ فَأَصْبَحَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَتَّى يُصْبِحَ فِي الْمَنْزِلِ، وَأَصْبَحَ النَّاسُ وَلَيْسَ مَعَهُمْ مَاءٌ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ آيَةَ التَّيَمُّمِ، فَكَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي سَبَبِكِ وَمَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ مِنَ الرُّخْصَةِ لِهَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ، وَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ بَرَاءَتَكِ مِنْ فَوْقِ سَبْعِ سَمَاوَاتٍ، جَاءَ بِهَا الرُّوحُ الْأَمِينُ، فَأَصْبَحَ لَيْسَ لِلَّهِ مَسْجِدٌ مِنْ مَسَاجِدِ اللَّهِ إِلَّا يُتْلَى فِيهِ آنَاءَ اللَّيْلِ وَآنَاءَ النَّهَارِ. فَقَالَتْ: دَعْنِي مِنْكَ يَا ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ، وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ لَوَدِدْتُ أَنِّي كُنْتُ نَسْيًا مَنْسِيًّا. وَالْأَحَادِيثُ فِي فَضَائِلِهَا وَمَنَاقِبِهَا كَثِيرَةٌ جِدًّا. وَقَدْ كَانَتْ وَفَاتُهَا فِي هَذَا الْعَامِ سَنَةَ ثَمَانٍ وَخَمْسِينَ  ، وَقِيلَ: قَبْلَهُ بِسَنَةٍ. وَقِيلَ: بَعْدَهُ بِسَنَةٍ. وَالْمَشْهُورُ فِي رَمَضَانَ مِنْهُ، وَقِيلَ: فِي شَوَّالٍ. وَالْأَشْهَرُ لَيْلَةَ الثُّلَاثَاءِ السَّابِعُ عَشَرَ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ، وَأَوْصَتْ أَنْ تُدْفَنَ بِالْبَقِيعِ لَيْلًا، وَصَلَّى عَلَيْهَا أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ بَعْدَ صَلَاةِ الْوِتْرِ، وَنَزَلَ فِي قَبْرِهَا خَمْسَةٌ، وَهُمْ ; عَبْدُ اللَّهِ وَعُرْوَةُ ابْنَا الزُّبَيْرِ بْنِ الْعَوَّامِ مِنْ أُخْتِهَا أَسْمَاءَ بِنْتِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَالْقَاسِمُ وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ ابْنَا أَخِيهَا مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَكَانَ عُمْرُهَا يَوْمَئِذٍ سَبْعًا وَسِتِّينَ سَنَةً ; لِأَنَّهُ تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَعُمْرُهَا ثَمَانِيَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً، وَكَانَ عُمْرُهَا عَامَ الْهِجْرَةِ ثَمَانِ سِنِينَ أَوْ تِسْعَ سِنِينَ. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. عبد الله بن عامر ( فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ مَاتَ عُقْبَةُ بْنُ عَامِرٍ ) الْجُهَنِيُّ، وَلَهُ صُحْبَةٌ، وَشَهِدَ صِفِّينَ مَعَ مُعَاوِيَةَ  .

Translation

✧ Those among the notables who died in this year Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ b. Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ b. Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ b. Umayyah b. ʿAbd Shams b. ʿAbd Manāf al-Qurashī al-Umawī, whose kunyah was Abū ʿUthmān, and also Abū Saʿīd: His grandfather was Abū Uḥayḥah. His father al-ʿĀṣ was killed on the day of Badr as an unbeliever, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was taken when Saʿīd was nine years old. Saʿīd was generous. One day he asked for a drink from a house in Madinah, then the owner of the house offered the house for sale, so he said: Why is he selling it? They said: He owes a debt of four thousand dinars. He said: He has a claim on us because he gave us water. So he rode to him with his creditor and said to the creditor: It is yours, on me. And he said to the owner of the house: Enjoy your house. People used to have supper at his place, and among them was a man of the Qurʾān reciters who had become poor. His wife said to him: We have heard of the generosity of this amir of ours, so mention your situation to him, perhaps he will give us something. He said: Woe to you, do not make me lose face. She said: Mention it to him in any case. So the people dispersed one night, and the man stayed. Saʿīd said: I think you are staying because of some need. He remained silent. He said to his servants: Withdraw. Then he said to him: May Allah have mercy on you, it is just me and you, so mention your need. He remained silent. He extinguished the lamp, then said: May Allah have mercy on you, you do not see my face, so mention your need. He said: May Allah set the amir right, need has befallen us, and I wanted to mention it to you. He said: In the morning, meet so-and-so, my agent. When morning came, the man met the agent, and he said to him: The amir has ordered something for you, so bring someone to carry it with you. He said: I have no one to carry. Then he went back to his wife and told her the news, blaming her and saying: I think he only ordered for me a basket of dates and a measure of cloth, and my face is gone. If it had been dirhams, he would have given them to me. His wife said to him: O you, matters have reached what you see, so whatever he gives you will sustain us. So he came to the agent, and he said: Where will you be? I told the amir that you have no one to carry, so he ordered me to send with you someone to carry what he ordered. Then he brought out to him three black slaves, on the head of each one a bag of dirhams, and said: Go with him. When the man reached the door of his house, he opened one of the bags, took out dirhams, gave them to the slaves, and said: Leave. They said: To where? We are your slaves. A slave of the amir never carried a gift to anyone and then returned to his owner. He said: So the man's situation improved. When Saʿīd was dying, he said to his sons: Let my brothers miss nothing from me except my face. So do for them what I used to do, and continue to them what I used to continue, and spare them the trouble of asking. For when a man asks for a need, his limbs tremble and his sides quiver for fear of being refused. By Allah, a man tossing on his bed seeing you as a place for his need is a greater favor upon you than your favor upon him by what you give him. And from Khālid b. Saʿīd, from his father, from Ibn ʿUmar, who said: A woman came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ with a striped cloak and said: I intended to give this garment to the most noble of the Arabs. He said: "Give it to this lad," meaning Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ, while he was standing. Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ died in his palace at al-ʿArṣah, three miles from Madinah, and was buried in al-Baqīʿ. He entrusted his son ʿAmr al-Ashdāq and ordered him to bury him in al-Baqīʿ, and said: It is little for me among my people, for my kindness to them, that they carry me on their shoulders from al-ʿArṣah to al-Baqīʿ. So they did. And he ordered his son ʿAmr, when he had buried him, to ride to Muʿāwiyah, announce his death, and sell him his dwelling at al-ʿArṣah. It was a dwelling that Saʿīd had been granted, and he had planted palm trees there, cultivated, and built an admirable palace. He said to his son: This dwelling of mine is not in the contract; it is only the dwelling of Burrah, so sell it to Muʿāwiyah and pay off my debts and my promises, and do not accept from Muʿāwiyah the payment of my debt, for you would then send it with me to my Lord. When ʿAmr had buried him and the people stood at al-Baqīʿ and offered condolences, he then rode his mounts to Muʿāwiyah. He came to him and announced his death, and Muʿāwiyah said, "To Allah we belong and to Him we return," and expressed grief at his death. Then he said: Did he leave any debt? He said: Yes. He said: How much? He said: Three hundred thousand dirhams. He said: It is on me. He said: He refused that and ordered me to pay it from his wealth, selling what I could sell of it. He said: Offer me whatever you wish. He said: The most precious and dearest to us and to him in his lifetime, his dwelling at al-ʿArṣah. Muʿāwiyah said to him: Far be it, you will not sell this dwelling; look for something else. He said: What shall we do? We want to hasten the payment of his debt. He said: I have taken it for three hundred thousand dirhams. He said: Make it in al-wāqiyah—they mean the dirham of Persia, the dirham weighing a mithqal of gold. He said: I have done so. He said: Then carry it to Madinah. He said: I have done so. So he carried it for him. ʿAmr b. Saʿīd came and put it toward his debts and settled with them according to the difference between al-wāqiyah dirhams—which are al-baʿliyyah—and al-jawār dirhams—which are deficient by three in ten, every seven baʿliyyah being ten jawār—until a young man of Quraysh came to him and mentioned a right he had in a piece of tanned leather for twenty thousand dirhams owed by Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ, in the handwriting of a freedman of Saʿīd who used to oversee some of Saʿīd's expenses, and Saʿīd's testimony against himself in Saʿīd's own handwriting. ʿAmr recognized the freedman's handwriting and his father's handwriting but denied that the young man—a poor fellow of Quraysh—had this wealth. He sent the document to his father's freedman. When the freedman read it, he wept and said: Yes, I recognize this document, and it is true. My master called me while this young man was at his door, with this piece of leather, and said: Write. So I wrote this right at his dictation. ʿAmr said to the young man: And what is the reason for this wealth of yours? He said: I saw him walking alone, so I got up and walked until he reached the door of his house, then I stopped. He said: Do you need anything? I said: No, except that I saw you walking alone and wanted to guard your side. He said: Your keeping me company is a bond of kinship, O son of my brother. Bring me a piece of leather. So I went to a leatherworker near the door of his house and took from him this piece. He called this freedman of his and said: Write. So he wrote for your father this document and wrote in it his testimony against himself, then handed it to me and said: O son of my brother, we have nothing today, so take this document, and when something comes to us, bring it to us, if Allah wills. Then he died, may Allah have mercy on him, before anything came to him. ʿAmr said: No doubt, you will not take it except in full. So he gave it to him. And al-Zubayr narrated from another route: that Muʿāwiyah bought al-ʿArṣah for one million dirhams, and Saʿīd's debt was three thousand dirhams. Muʿāwiyah bought al-ʿArṣah from Saʿīd's son for one million, the palm trees for one million, and the farms for one million. Ibn ʿAsākir mentioned that Ziyād b. Abī Sufyān sent to Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ gifts and wealth and a letter in which he mentioned that he was asking for his daughter Umm ʿUthmān, from Umayyah bt. Jarīr b. ʿAbd Allah al-Bajalī, in marriage. When the gifts, wealth, and letter arrived, he read it, then distributed the gifts among his companions, then wrote him a gentle letter containing: In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate. Allah Most High said: Nay, indeed man transgresses, because he sees himself self-sufficient [al-ʿAlaq: 6–7]. And peace. And it was narrated to us that Saʿīd proposed to Umm Kulthūm bt. ʿAlī, from Fāṭimah, who had been married to ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb. She agreed to that and consulted her two brothers, and they disliked it—and in one narration: only al-Ḥusayn disliked it, while al-Ḥasan agreed. She prepared her house, set up a bed, and they agreed on the writing of the contract. She ordered her son Zayd b. ʿUmar to give her in marriage to him. He sent her one hundred thousand—and in one narration: two hundred thousand—as a dowry. His companions gathered with him to go with him, but he said: I dislike putting the two sons of Fāṭimah in difficulty. So he abandoned the marriage and gave all that wealth to her. Ibn Maʿīn and ʿAbd al-Aʿlā b. Ḥammād said: A bedouin asked Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ, and he ordered five hundred for him. The servant said: Five hundred dirhams or dinars? He said: I only ordered you five hundred dirhams, but since your soul bubbled with the thought that they are dinars, give him five hundred dinars. When the bedouin received it, he sat down weeping. He said to him: What is the matter? Did you not receive your gift? He said: Yes, by Allah, but I weep for the earth, how it will consume the like of you. ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Jaʿfar said: A man came carrying the responsibility of four bloodwits, for which he asked the people of Madinah. He was told: Go to al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, or ʿAbd Allah b. Jaʿfar, or Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ, or ʿAbd Allah b. ʿAbbās. He went to the mosque, and Saʿīd was entering it. He said: Who is this? He was told: Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ. He headed toward him and mentioned what had brought him. Saʿīd left him until he returned from the mosque to his house, then said to the bedouin: Bring someone to carry with you. He said: May Allah have mercy on you, I asked you for money, not dates. He said: I know, bring someone to carry with you. He gave him forty thousand, and the bedouin took it and left without asking anyone else. Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ said to his son: O my son, may Allah disgrace kindness if it is not initiated without asking. But when a man comes to you and you almost see his blood in his face, or comes risking not knowing whether you will give or refuse, by Allah, even if you gave him all your wealth, you would not repay him. Saʿīd said: My companion has three rights upon me: when he draws near, I welcome him; when he sits, I make room for him; and when he speaks, I turn to him. He also said: O my son, do not jest with a nobleman, for he will bear a grudge against you; nor with a lowly man, for you will become contemptible to him. In one narration: for he will become bold against you. One day he gave a sermon and said: Whoever Allah grants a good provision, let him be the happiest of people with it. He only leaves it to one of two men: either a righteous man who will be happy with what you gathered for him while you fail, and a righteous man is never diminished by anything; or a corrupt man for whom nothing remains. Muʿāwiyah said: Abū ʿUthmān has gathered the choicest words. Al-Aṣmaʿī narrated from Ḥakīm b. Qays, who said: Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ said: There are two situations in which I am not ashamed of my gentleness and deliberateness: when addressing an ignorant or foolish person, and when asking for a need for myself. A woman of the worshippers entered upon him while he was amir of Kufa, and he honored her and was kind to her. She said: May Allah never make you in need of a base person, and may favor remain upon you in the necks of the noble. If He removes a blessing from a noble person, may He make you the cause of restoring it to him. He had ten children, male and female. One of his wives was Umm al-Banīn bt. al-Ḥakam b. Abī al-ʿĀṣ, the sister of Marwān b. al-Ḥakam. He narrated from the Prophet ﷺ, and from ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, ʿUthmān, and ʿĀʾishah. Narrating from him were his two sons ʿAmr b. Saʿīd al-Ashdāq and Yaḥyā b. Saʿīd, Sālim b. ʿAbd Allah b. ʿUmar, ʿUrwah b. al-Zubayr, and others. There is nothing from him in the Musnad or in the Six Books. He was of good conduct and good inner character. He would often gather his companions every Friday, feed them, clothe them in fine garments, and send to their homes gifts, presents, and abundant kindness. He would tie up purses and place them before the worshippers in need in the mosque. Ibn ʿAsākir said: He had a house in Damascus known after him as Dār Naʿīm and Ḥammām Naʿīm, in the vicinity of al-Daymās. Then he returned to Madinah and stayed there until he died. He was generous, open-handed, and praised. Then he cited something of his hadith: from Hishām b. ʿUrwah, from his father, that Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "The best of you in Islam are the best of you in the Jāhiliyyah." Shaddād b. Aws b. Thābit b. al-Mundhir b. Ḥarām, Abū Yaʿlā Shaddād b. Aws b. Thābit b. al-Mundhir b. Ḥarām, Abū Yaʿlā al-Anṣārī al-Khazrajī A noble Companion, and he was the nephew of Ḥassān b. Thābit. Ibn Mandah reported from Mūsā b. ʿUqbah that he said: He witnessed Badr. Ibn Mandah said: That is an error. He was remarkably diligent in worship. When he lay down to sleep, he would hang himself from his bed and toss and writhe like a snake writhes, saying: O Allah, fear of the Fire has disturbed me. Then he would rise to his prayer. ʿUbādah b. al-Ṣāmit said: Shaddād was among those given knowledge and forbearance. Shaddād settled in Palestine and Jerusalem, and died in this year at the age of seventy-five. It is also said: he died in the year 64, and it is said: in the year 41. But Allah knows best. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, whose kunyah was Abū ʿAbd Allah: His mother was Umm Rūmān bt. ʿĀmir, and he was the full brother of ʿĀʾishah. He was the eldest of Abū Bakr's children. He remained on the religion of his people and witnessed Badr with the polytheists, and he called for single combat. Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq rose to fight him, but the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to him: "Let us enjoy your company." Then ʿAbd al-Raḥmān embraced Islam during the truce of al-Ḥudaybiyah. He is the one who said to Marwān when he was called to pledge allegiance to Yazīd: They only want to make it like the rule of Chosroes or Heraclius. Marwān said: O people, this is the one about whom Allah said to his parents, "Uff to you both, do you promise me that I will be brought forth?" ʿĀʾishah shouted at him: Does he say this about ʿAbd al-Raḥmān? You lie, by Allah, it is not about him. If I wished to name the man about whom it was revealed, I would name him. But I testify that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ cursed your father while you were in his loins. He migrated to Madinah and gave the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forty wasqs at Khaybar. He narrated hadith from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān used to trade in the Jāhiliyyah to Syria with his wealth and the wealth of Quraysh. He saw Laylā bt. al-Jūdī and fell in love with her. When Khālid conquered Syria in the time of ʿUmar, she came to him, and his infatuation with her increased. From Muḥammad b. al-Ḍaḥḥāk al-Ḥarrānī, from his father: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-Ṣiddīq came to Syria on a trading journey, and there he saw a woman called Ibnat al-Jūdī on a carpet with her slave girls. She pleased him, and he said to her: Do you remember Laylā while the Samāwah lies between us, and what have I to do with the daughter of al-Jūdī, Laylā, and what has she to do with me? How can his heart be smitten by a Ḥārithī woman who heads for Buṣrā, or al-Jawābiyā? Shall I meet her? Indeed, perhaps, if the people perform Ḥajj next year, she may meet me. When ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb sent his army to Syria, he said to the commander of the army: “If you capture Laylā bt. al-Jūdī by force, hand her over to ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr.” He captured her and handed her over to ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. He became infatuated with her, and preferred her over his other wives until they complained about him to ʿĀʾishah, who reproached him for that. He said: “By Allah, it is as if I am sipping pomegranate seeds through her front teeth.” She was stricken with an illness that caused her teeth to fall out, so he became averse to her until she complained about him to ʿĀʾishah. ʿĀʾishah said to him: “O ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, you loved Laylā excessively, and now you are averse to her excessively. Either treat her fairly, or equip her and send her back to her people.” Al-Zubayr said: From Hishām b. ʿUrwah, from his father: ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb gave ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr Laylā bt. al-Jūdī as a share of the spoils when Damascus was conquered, and she was the daughter of the king of Damascus. Among what is narrated of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān concerning Laylā bt. al-Jūdī is this: O daughter of al-Jūdī, my heart [is sorrowful], distraught for you, and never returns. She dwelt near her maternal uncles, the tribe of ʿAkk, so perhaps you have a share of my heart. They blamed me, and I said: Leave me, for the one for whom they blame is the beloved. She is a bān branch, nothing except her waist, and below that is a sand dune. ʿĀʾishah said: I used to reproach him for the intensity of his love for her, but then I began to reproach him for his mistreatment of her, until he returned her to her people. From Ibn Abī Mulaykah, who said: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān died at al-Ḥabashī, and was carried until he was buried in Makkah. ʿĀʾishah came from Madinah, went to his grave, stood over it, and recited these two verses: We were like the two drinking companions of Jadhīmah for an age, so long that it was said they would never separate. When we parted, it was as if I and Mālik, due to our long togetherness, had never spent a night together. Then she said: “By Allah, had I witnessed you, I would not have visited your grave, and had I witnessed you, I would not have carried a dead man from al-Ḥabashī; you would have been buried where you died.” From ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Mulaykah: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr died in a house of his, so we carried him on our necks for six miles to Makkah. ʿĀʾishah was absent, and when she arrived she said: “Show me the grave of my brother,” and she prayed over him. From Yaḥyā b. Saʿīd, who said: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān died during a nap he took, and ʿĀʾishah mourned him for a long time. . In this year ʿUmayrah b. Yathribī, the judge of Baṣrah, died, and Hishām b. Hubayrah was appointed judge in his place. ʿUbayd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim, Abū Muḥammad al-Hāshimī. ʿUbayd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib al-Qurashī al-Hāshimī. Cousin of the Prophet ﷺ, and he was a year younger than his brother ʿAbd Allāh. Their mother was Umm al-Faḍl Lubābah bt. al-Ḥārith al-Hilāliyyah. ʿUbayd Allāh was generous, handsome, and good-looking, resembling his father in beauty. It is narrated to us that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to describe ʿAbd Allāh, ʿUbayd Allāh, and Kathīr, then say: “Whoever races to me first will have such-and-such.” So they would race to him and fall onto his back and chest, and he would kiss them and embrace them. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib appointed him as his deputy over Yemen during his caliphate, and he led the people in Ḥajj in the year 36 and the year 37. When it was the year 38, he and Yazīd b. Shajarah al-Rahāwī, who had come to lead the Ḥajj on behalf of Muʿāwiyah, disputed. Then they agreed upon Shaybah b. ʿUthmān al-Ḥajabī, who conducted the Ḥajj for the people that year. Then, when power favored Muʿāwiyah, Busr b. Abī Arṭāh was set upon ʿUbayd Allāh, and he killed two of his sons. Matters occurred in Yemen, some of which we have already mentioned. He and his brother ʿAbd Allāh used to come to Madinah, and ʿAbd Allāh would provide them abundantly with knowledge, while ʿUbayd Allāh would provide them abundantly with generosity. It is narrated that during one of his journeys, he stopped with a mawlā of his at the tent of a bedouin man. When the bedouin saw him, he esteemed and honored him, and saw his fine looks and appearance. He said to his wife: “Woe to you! What do you have for this guest of ours?” She said: “We have nothing but this little ewe, whose milk is the life of your daughter.” He said: “It must be slaughtered.” She said: “Will you kill your daughter?” He said: “Even so.” He took the knife and the ewe, and began to slaughter and skin it, while reciting rajaz: O neighbor woman, do not wake the little girl; if you wake her, she will weep for me, and snatch the knife from my hand. Then he prepared it as food and placed it before ʿUbayd Allāh and his mawlā, and fed them supper. ʿUbayd Allāh had heard his conversation with his wife about the ewe. When he wanted to depart, he said to his mawlā: “Woe to you! How much money do you have with you?” He said: “I have five hundred dinars left over from your expenses.” He said: “Give it to the bedouin.” He said: “Glory be to Allah! You give him five hundred dinars, when he only slaughtered one ewe worth five dirhams?!” He said: “Woe to you! By Allah, he is more generous than we are; for we gave him only part of what we own, while he gave us all that he owned, and preferred us over his own soul and his child.” This reached Muʿāwiyah, who said: “How excellent is ʿUbayd Allāh! From what egg did he emerge, and from what lineage did he descend?!” Khalīfah b. Khayyāṭ said: He died in the year 58. Others said: He died during the days of Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah. Abū ʿUbayd al-Qāsim b. Sallām said: He died in the year 87. His death was in Madinah, and some say in Yemen. He has one ḥadīth. The Mother of the Believers ʿĀʾishah bt. Abī Bakr al-Ṣiddīq. Among those who died in this year was the Mother of the Believers ʿĀʾishah bt. Abī Bakr al-Ṣiddīq. The wife of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and the most beloved of his wives to him, the one declared innocent from above the seven heavens, ؓ. Her mother was Umm Rūmān bt. ʿĀmir b. ʿUwaymir al-Kināniyyah. ʿĀʾishah was given the kunyah Umm ʿAbd Allāh; it is said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ gave her this kunyah because of her sister’s son, ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr. It is also said that she had a miscarriage from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and he named the child ʿAbd Allāh. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ married no virgin other than her, and revelation did not descend upon him while he was under the blanket of any wife other than her, and there was no one among his wives more beloved to him than her. He married her in Makkah after the death of Khadījah, after the angel brought her to him in a dream in a piece of silk, two or three times, saying: “This is your wife.” He said: “So I would uncover it, and there you were.” I said: “If this is from Allah, He will bring it to pass.” He proposed to her father, who said: “O Messenger of Allah, is she lawful for you?” He said: “Yes.” He said: “Am I not your brother?” He said: “Yes, in Islam, but she is lawful for me.” So the Messenger of Allah ﷺ married her, and she found favor with him. This was two years before the Hijrah, or a year and a half, or three years, according to different reports. At that time she was six years old. Then he consummated the marriage with her when she was nine years old, after Badr, in Shawwāl of the year 2 AH, and he loved her. When the slanderers spoke falsely about her, Allah was jealous for her and sent down her exoneration in ten verses of the Qurʾān that are recited throughout the ages. The takfīr of one who accuses ʿĀʾishah after her exoneration. The scholars have unanimously agreed that anyone who falsely accuses her after her exoneration is a kāfir. They differed concerning the rest of the Mothers of the Believers: is one who slanders them guilty of kufr or not? There are two opinions, and the more correct is that it is kufr, because the one slandered is a wife of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and Allah, exalted is He, became angry for her only because she is the wife of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ; so she and the others among them are equal. Among her unique distinctions, ؓ, is that she had two days in the rotation: her own day and Sawdah’s day, the latter having given it to her to draw near to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He died on her day, in her house, between her jaw and her throat, and Allah joined his saliva with hers in the last hour of his hours in this world and the first hour of the Hereafter, and he was buried in her house. From ʿĀʾishah, from the Prophet ﷺ, who said: “It is a consolation to me that I saw the whiteness of ʿĀʾishah’s palm in Paradise.” This is in the utmost degree of great love, that he is comforted because he saw the whiteness of her palm before him in Paradise. Among her unique distinctions is that she is the most learned of the Prophet’s ﷺ wives; indeed, she is the most learned of women in the absolute sense. Al-Zuhrī said: If the knowledge of ʿĀʾishah were gathered with the knowledge of all the Prophet’s ﷺ wives and all women, the knowledge of ʿĀʾishah would be superior. ʿAṭāʾ b. Abī Rabāḥ said: ʿĀʾishah was the most knowledgeable of people in fiqh, the most learned of people, and the best of people in sound opinion among the common people. ʿUrwah said: I have never seen anyone more knowledgeable in fiqh, medicine, or poetry than ʿĀʾishah. No woman, nor any man except Abū Hurayrah, narrated from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ as many ḥadīths as she did, ؓ. Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī said: Whenever any ḥadīth was problematic for us—the companions of Muḥammad ﷺ—and we asked ʿĀʾishah, we always found that she had knowledge of it. Al-Tirmidhī narrated it. Abū al-Ḍuḥā said, from Masrūq: I saw the senior elders among the companions of Muḥammad asking her about the obligations (farāʾiḍ). As for the ḥadīth that many jurists and scholars of uṣūl often cite: “Take half of your religion from al-Ḥumayrāʾ,” it has no basis, and it is not established in any of the sources of Islam. I asked our shaykh Abū al-Ḥajjāj al-Mizzī about it, and he said: It has no basis. Then there were no women more learned than her female students: ʿAmrah bt. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, Ḥafṣah bt. Sīrīn, and ʿĀʾishah bt. Ṭalḥah. The Mother of the Believers ʿĀʾishah, ؓ, was uniquely distinguished with certain issues among the companions that are found only with her, and she also had unique preferences, and she rejected reports contrary to them by a kind of interpretation. More than one of the imams have compiled these. Al-Shaʿbī said: When Masrūq narrated from ʿĀʾishah, he would say: The truthful one, daughter of the truthful one, beloved of the Beloved of Allah, the one declared innocent from above the seven heavens, narrated to me. It is established in “Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī” from the ḥadīth of Abū ʿUthmān al-Nahdī, from ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, who said: I said: “O Messenger of Allah, which of the people is most beloved to you?” He said: “ʿĀʾishah.” I said: “And among men?” He said: “Her father.” In “Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī” also, from Abū Mūsā, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “Many among men have attained perfection, but none among women have attained perfection except Maryam bt. ʿImrān, Khadījah bt. Khuwaylid, and Āsiyah, the wife of Pharaoh. And the excellence of ʿĀʾishah over women is like the excellence of tharīd over all other food.” The preference of ʿĀʾishah over Khadījah. Many scholars who hold that ʿĀʾishah is superior to Khadījah adduce this ḥadīth, for it includes all other women, the three mentioned and others. This is also supported by the ḥadīth narrated by al-Bukhārī: From Hishām b. ʿUrwah, from his father, from ʿĀʾishah, who said: Hālah bt. Khuwaylid, the sister of Khadījah, asked permission to enter upon the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and he recognized the manner of Khadījah’s asking permission, and was startled by that. He said: “O Allah, Hālah.” ʿĀʾishah said: I became jealous and said: “Why do you remember an old woman among the old women of Quraysh, red-cheeked, who perished long ago, and Allah has replaced her for you with one better than her?” This is how al-Bukhārī narrated it. As for the addition reported in some versions: “Allah has not replaced her for me with one better than her,” its chain is not authentic. We have discussed this at length at the death of Khadījah, and we have mentioned the argument of those who hold her superior to ʿĀʾishah with what suffices, so there is no need to repeat it here. From Ibn Shihāb, who said: Abū Salamah said: ʿĀʾishah, ؓ, said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said one day: “O ʿĀʾish, this is Jibrīl, he sends you greetings of peace.” I said: “And upon him be peace and the mercy of Allah and His blessings. You see what I do not see.” It is established in “Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī” that the people used to choose the day of ʿĀʾishah for their gifts. The wives of the Prophet ﷺ gathered around Umm Salamah and said to her: “Tell him to command the people to send him gifts wherever he is.” Umm Salamah said: When he entered upon me, I said that to him, and he turned away from me. Then they said that to her again, and she told him, and he turned away from her. Then when he came to her, she said it to him, and he said: “O Umm Salamah, do not harm me concerning ʿĀʾishah, for by Allah, revelation has not descended upon me while I was under the blanket of any wife of yours other than her.” He mentioned that they sent Fāṭimah, his daughter, to him, and she said: “Your wives ask you for fairness concerning the daughter of Abū Bakr b. Abī Quḥāfah.” He said: “O my little daughter, do you not love the one I love?” She said: I said: “Yes.” He said: “Then love this one.” Then they sent Zaynab bt. Jaḥsh, who entered upon the Messenger of Allah ﷺ while ʿĀʾishah was with him. Zaynab spoke and disparaged ʿĀʾishah, and ʿĀʾishah defended herself and spoke back until she silenced her. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ kept looking at ʿĀʾishah and saying: “She is the daughter of Abū Bakr.” We have mentioned that when ʿAmmār came to rouse the people and call them to fight Ṭalḥah and al-Zubayr during the days of the Camel, he and al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī ascended the minbar of al-Kūfah, and ʿAmmār heard a man disparaging ʿĀʾishah. He said to him: “Be silent, you ugly, foul-mouthed one! By Allah, she is the wife of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ in this world and in the Hereafter, but Allah is testing you to see whether you obey Him or her.” And from Dhakwān, the chamberlain of ʿĀʾishah, that ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās came seeking permission to enter upon ʿĀʾishah. So I came, and at her head was her nephew ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. I said: 'This is Ibn ʿAbbās seeking permission.' Her nephew ʿAbd Allāh leaned over her and said: 'This is ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās seeking permission,' while she was dying. She said: 'Leave me alone from Ibn ʿAbbās.' He said: 'O my mother, Ibn ʿAbbās is one of your righteous sons; he greets you and bids you farewell.' She said: 'Give him permission if you wish.' He said: So I brought him in. When he sat down, he said: 'Rejoice.' She said: 'For what?' He said: 'Between you and meeting Muḥammad ﷺ and the loved ones is nothing but that the soul departs from the body. You were the most beloved of the wives of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ to him, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ loved only what is pure. Your necklace fell on the night of al-Abwāʾ, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ remained until morning in the camp, and the people woke up with no water with them, so Allah revealed the verse of tayammum. That was because of you and what Allah sent down of dispensation for this community. And Allah sent down your exoneration from above seven heavens, brought by the Trustworthy Spirit. So there became no mosque among the mosques of Allah but that it is recited in it throughout the hours of the night and the hours of the day.' She said: 'Leave me from you, O Ibn ʿAbbās. By the One in whose hand my soul is, I wish I were something forgotten, utterly forgotten.' And the reports about her virtues and merits are very numerous. Her death occurred in this year, the year fifty-eight; and it is said: a year before that; and it is said: a year after. The well-known is in Ramaḍān of it; and it is said: in Shawwāl. The most widely known is the night of Tuesday, the seventeenth of Ramaḍān. She bequeathed that she be buried in al-Baqīʿ at night. Abū Hurayrah prayed over her after the witr prayer. Five descended into her grave: ʿAbd Allāh and ʿUrwah, the two sons of al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām, from her sister Asmāʾ bt. Abī Bakr; al-Qāsim and ʿAbd Allāh, the two sons of her brother Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr; and ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr. Her age on that day was sixty-seven years, because the Messenger of Allah ﷺ died when she was eighteen years old, and her age in the year of the Hijrah was eight or nine years. And Allah knows best. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir (In this year died ʿUqbah b. ʿĀmir) al-Juhanī, who was a Companion and witnessed Ṣiffīn with Muʿāwiyah.

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