Tarikh (al-Tabari) 217
The story of Moses the one who spoke with Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)
دُخُولِ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ التِّيهَ وَمَا جَرَى لَهُمْ فِيهِ مِنَ الْأُمُورِ الْعَجِيبَةِ فَلَمَّا ضُرِبَ عَلَيْهِمُ التِّيهُ نَدِمَ مُوسَى، فَقَالُوا: يَا مُوسَى كَيْفَ لَنَا هَا هُنَا بِالطَّعَامِ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْمَنَّ وَالسَّلْوَى فَأَمَّا الْمَنُّ فَقِيلَ هُوَ كَالصَّمْغِ وَطَعْمُهُ كَالشَّهْدِ يَقَعُ عَلَى الْأَشْجَارِ، وَقِيلَ: هُوَ التَّرَنْجَبِينُ، وَقِيلَ: هُوَ الْخُبْزُ الرِّقَاقُ، وَقِيلَ: هُوَ عَسَلٌ كَانَ يَنْزِلُ لِكُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ صَاعٌ، وَأَمَّا السَّلْوَى فَهُوَ طَائِرٌ يُشْبِهُ السُّمَانَى. فَقَالُوا: أَيْنَ الشَّرَابُ ؟ فَأَمَرَ مُوسَى فَضَرَبَ بِعَصَاهُ الْحَجَرَ فَانْفَجَرَتْ مِنْهُ اثْنَتَا عَشْرَةَ عَيْنًا لِكُلِّ سِبْطٍ عَيْنٌ. فَقَالُوا: أَيْنَ الظِّلُّ ؟ فَظَلَّلَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْغَمَامَ فَقَالُوا: أَيْنَ اللِّبَاسُ ؟ فَكَانَتْ ثِيَابُهُمْ تَطُولُ مَعَهُمْ وَلَا يَتَمَزَّقُ لَهُمْ ثَوْبٌ. ثُمَّ قَالُوا: يَامُوسَى لَنْ نَصْبِرَ عَلَى طَعَامٍ وَاحِدٍ فَادْعُ لَنَا رَبَّكَ يُخْرِجْ لَنَا مِمَّا تُنْبِتُ الْأَرْضُ مِنْ بَقْلِهَا وَقِثَّائِهَا وَفُومِهَا وَعَدَسِهَا وَبَصَلِهَا قَالَ أَتَسْتَبْدِلُونَ الَّذِي هُوَ أَدْنَى بِالَّذِي هُوَ خَيْرٌ اهْبِطُوا مِصْرًا فَإِنَّ لَكُمْ مَا سَأَلْتُمْ. فَلَمَّا خَرَجُوا مِنَ التِّيهِ رُفِعَ عَنْهُمُ الْمَنَّ وَالسَّلْوَى. مما جرى في فترة التيه ومما جرى في فترة التيه أَنَّ يُوشَعَ جَهَّزَهُ مُوسَى لِقِتَالِ طَائِفَةٍ مِنَ الْكُفَّارِ، وَأَنَّ مُوسَى وَهَارُونَ، وَخُورَ، جَلَسُوا عَلَى رَأْسِ أَكَمَةٍ، وَرَفَعَ مُوسَى عَصَاهُ، فَكُلَّمَا رَفَعَهَا انْتَصَرَ يُوشَعُ عَلَيْهِمْ وَكُلَّمَا مَالَتْ يَدُهُ بِهَا مِنْ تَعَبٍ أَوْ نَحْوِهِ، غَلَبَهُ أُولَئِكَ، وَجَعَلَ هَارُونُ وَخُورُ يُدَعِّمَانِ يَدَيْهِ عَنْ يَمِينِهِ وَشِمَالِهِ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمَ إِلَى غُرُوبِ الشَّمْسِ، فَانْتَصَرَ حِزْبُ يُوشَعَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ. وَعِنْدَهُمْ; أَنَّ يَثْرُونَ كَاهِنَ مَدْيَنَ، وَخَتَنَ مُوسَى، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، بَلَغَهُ مَا كَانَ مِنْ أَمْرِ مُوسَى، وَكَيْفَ أَظْفَرَهُ اللَّهُ بِعَدُوِّهِ فِرْعَوْنَ فَقَدِمَ عَلَى مُوسَى مُسْلِمًا وَمَعَهُ ابْنَتُهُ صِفُّورَا زَوْجَةُ مُوسَى، وَابْنَاهَا مِنْهُ جَرْشُونُ، وَعَازِرُ، فَتَلَقَّاهُ مُوسَى وَأَكْرَمَهُ، وَاجْتَمَعَ بِهِ شُيُوخُ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، وَعَظَّمُوهُ وَأَجَلُّوهُ. وَذَكَرُوا أَنَّهُ رَأَى كَثْرَةَ اجْتِمَاعِ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ عَلَى مُوسَى، فِي الْخُصُومَاتِ الَّتِي تَقَعُ بَيْنَهُمْ، فَأَشَارَ عَلَى مُوسَى أَنْ يَجْعَلَ عَلَى النَّاسِ رِجَالًا أُمَنَاءَ، أَتْقِيَاءَ، أَعِفَّاءَ، يُبْغِضُونَ الرِّشَاءَ وَالْخِيَانَةَ، فَيَجْعَلُهُمْ عَلَى النَّاسِ رُءُوسَ أُلُوفٍ، وَرُءُوسَ مِئِينَ، وَرُؤْسَ خَمْسِينَ، وَرُؤْسَ عَشَرَةٍ، فَيَقْضُوا بَيْنَ النَّاسِ، فَإِذَا أَشْكَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَمْرٌ جَاءُوكَ، فَفَصَلْتَ بَيْنَهُمْ مَا أَشْكَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ، فَفَعَلَ ذَلِكَ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ. قَالُوا: وَدَخَلَ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ الْبَرِّيَّةَ، عِنْدَ سَيْنَاءَ فِي الشَّهْرِ الثَّالِثِ مِنْ خُرُوجِهِمْ مِنْ مِصْرَ، وَكَانَ خُرُوجُهُمْ فِي أَوَّلِ السَّنَةِ الَّتِي شُرِعَتْ لَهُمْ، وَهِيَ أَوَّلُ فَصْلِ الرَّبِيعِ. فَكَأَنَّهُمْ دَخَلُوا التِّيهَ فِي أَوَّلِ فَصْلِ الصَّيْفِ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. قَالُوا: وَنَزَلَ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ حَوْلَ طُورِ سَيْنَاءَ، وَصَعِدَ مُوسَى الْجَبَلَ، فَكَلَّمَهُ رَبُّهُ، وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يُذَكِّرَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ مَا أَنْعَمَ اللَّهُ بِهِ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ إِنْجَائِهِ إِيَّاهُمْ مِنْ فِرْعَوْنَ وَقَوْمِهِ، وَكَيْفَ حَمَلَهُمْ عَلَى مِثْلِ جَنَاحَيْ نِسْرٍ مِنْ يَدِهِ وَقَبْضَتِهِ، وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَأْمُرَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ بِأَنْ يَتَطَهَّرُوا وَيَغْتَسِلُوا وَيَغْسِلُوا ثِيَابَهُمْ وَلْيَسْتَعِدُّوا إِلَى الْيَوْمِ الثَّالِثِ، فَإِذَا كَانَ فِي الْيَوْمِ الثَّالِثِ فَلْيَجْتَمِعُوا حَوْلَ الْجَبَلِ، وَلَا يَقْتَرِبَنَّ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ إِلَيْهِ، فَمَنْ دَنَا مِنْهُ قُتِلَ، حَتَّى وَلَا شَيْءٌ مِنَ الْبَهَائِمِ، مَا دَامُوا يَسْمَعُونَ صَوْتَ الْقَرْنِ، فَإِذَا سَكَنَ الْقَرْنُ فَقَدْ حَلَّ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَرْتَقُوهُ، فَسَمِعَ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ ذَلِكَ، وَأَطَاعُوا، وَاغْتَسَلُوا، وَتَنَظَّفُوا، وَتَطَيَّبُوا، فَلَمَّا كَانَ الْيَوْمُ الثَّالِثُ رَكِبَ الْجَبَلَ غَمَامَةٌ عَظِيمَةٌ، وَفِيهَا أَصْوَاتٌ وَبُرُوقٌ، وَصَوْتُ الصُّورِ شَدِيدٌ جِدًّا، فَفَزِعَ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَزَعًا شَدِيدًا، وَخَرَجُوا فَقَامُوا فِي سَفْحِ الْجَبَلِ، وَغَشِيَ الْجَبَلَ دُخَانٌ عَظِيمٌ فِي وَسَطِهِ عَمُودُ نُورٍ، وَتَزَلْزَلَ الْجَبَلُ كُلُّهُ زَلْزَلَةً شَدِيدَةً، وَاسْتَمَرَّ صَوْتُ الصُّورِ، وَهُوَ الْبُوقُ، وَاشْتَدَّ، وَمُوسَى، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، فَوْقَ الْجَبَلِ، وَاللَّهِ يُكَلِّمُهُ وَيُنَاجِيهِ، وَأَمَرَ الرَّبُّ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، مُوسَى أَنْ يَنْزِلَ، فَيَأْمُرَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ أَنْ يَقْتَرِبُوا مِنَ الْجَبَلِ; لِيَسْمَعُوا وَصِيَّةَ اللَّهِ، وَيَأْمُرَ الْأَحْبَارَ، وَهُمْ عُلَمَاؤُهُمْ، أَنْ يَدْنُوا فَيَصْعَدُوا الْجَبَلَ; لِيَتَقَدَّمُوا بِالْقُرْبِ - وَهَذَا نَصٌّ فِي كِتَابِهِمْ عَلَى وُقُوعِ النَّسْخِ لَا مَحَالَةَ - فَقَالَ مُوسَى: يَا رَبِّ إِنَّهُمْ لَا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ أَنْ يَصْعَدُوهُ، وَقَدْ نَهَيْتَهُمْ عَنْ ذَلِكَ فَأَمَرَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى أَنْ يَذْهَبَ، فَيَأْتِيَ مَعَهُ بِأَخِيهِ هَارُونَ، وَلْيَكُنِ الْكَهَنَةُ، وَهُمُ الْعُلَمَاءُ، وَالشَّعْبُ، وَهُمْ بَقِيَّةُ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، غَيْرَ بَعِيدٍ. فَفَعَلَ مُوسَى، وَكَلَّمَهُ رَبُّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، فَأَمَرَهُ حِينَئِذٍ بِالْعَشْرِ كَلِمَاتٍ. وَعِنْدَهُمْ; أَنَّ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ سَمِعُوا كَلَامَ اللَّهِ، وَلَكِنْ لَمْ يَفْهَمُوا حَتَّى فَهَّمَهُمْ مُوسَى، وَجَعَلُوا يَقُولُونَ لِمُوسَى: بَلِّغْنَا أَنْتَ عَنِ الرَّبِّ، فَإِنَّا نَخَافُ أَنْ نَمُوتَ. فَبَلَّغَهُمْ عَنْهُ، فَقَالَ هَذِهِ الْعَشْرُ الْكَلِمَاتِ; وَهِيَ الْأَمْرُ بِعِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، وَالنَّهْيُ عَنِ الْحَلِفِ بِاللَّهِ كَاذِبًا، وَالْأَمْرُ بِالْمُحَافَظَةِ عَلَى السَّبْتِ، وَمَعْنَاهُ تَفَرُّغُ يَوْمٍ مِنَ الْأُسْبُوعِ لِلْعِبَادَةِ. وَهَذَا حَاصِلٌ بِيَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ، الَّذِي نَسَخَ اللَّهُ بِهِ السَّبْتَ، أَكْرِمْ أَبَاكَ وَأُمَّكَ، لِيَطُولَ عُمْرُكَ فِي الْأَرْضِ، الَّذِي يُعْطِيكَ اللَّهُ رَبُّكَ، لَا تَقْتُلْ، لَا تَزْنِ، لَا تَسْرِقْ، لَا تَشْهَدْ عَلَى صَاحِبِكَ شَهَادَةَ زُورٍ، لَا تَمُدَّ عَيْنَكَ إِلَى بَيْتِ صَاحِبِكَ، وَلَا تَشْتَهِ امْرَأَةَ صَاحِبِكَ، وَلَا عَبْدَهُ، وَلَا أَمَتَهُ، وَلَا ثَوْرَهُ، وَلَا حِمَارَهُ، وَلَا شَيْئًا مِنَ الَّذِي لِصَاحِبِكَ، وَمَعْنَاهُ النَّهْيُ عَنِ الْحَسَدِ. وَقَدْ قَالَ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ عُلَمَاءِ السَّلَفِ وَغَيْرِهِمْ: مَضْمُونُ هَذِهِ الْعَشْرِ الْكَلِمَاتِ فِي آيَتَيْنِ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ، وَهُمَا قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى فِي سُورَةِ " الْأَنْعَامِ " قُلْ تَعَالَوْا أَتْلُ مَا حَرَّمَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلَيْكُمْ أَلَّا تُشْرِكُوا بِهِ شَيْئًا وَبِالْوَالِدَيْنِ إِحْسَانًا وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَوْلَادَكُمْ مِنْ إِمْلَاقٍ نَحْنُ نَرْزُقُكُمْ وَإِيَّاهُمْ وَلَا تَقْرَبُوا الْفَوَاحِشَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا النَّفْسَ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ ذَلِكُمْ وَصَّاكُمْ بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ وَلَا تَقْرَبُوا مَالَ الْيَتِيمِ إِلَّا بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ حَتَّى يَبْلُغَ أَشُدَّهُ وَأَوْفُوا الْكَيْلَ وَالْمِيزَانَ بِالْقِسْطِ لَا نُكَلِّفُ نَفْسًا إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا وَإِذَا قُلْتُمْ فَاعْدِلُوا وَلَوْ كَانَ ذَا قُرْبَى وَبِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ أَوْفُوا ذَلِكُمْ وَصَّاكُمْ بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَذَكَّرُونَ وَأَنَّ هَذَا صِرَاطِي مُسْتَقِيمًا فَاتَّبِعُوهُ وَلَا تَتَّبِعُوا السُّبُلَ فَتَفَرَّقَ بِكُمْ عَنْ سَبِيلِهِ ذَلِكُمْ وَصَّاكُمْ بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ [ الْأَنْعَامِ: 151 - 153 ]. وَذَكَرُوا بَعْدَ الْعَشْرِ الْكَلِمَاتِ وَصَايَا كَثِيرَةً، وَأَحْكَامًا مُتَفَرِّقَةً عَزِيزَةً، كَانَتْ فَزَالَتْ وَعُمِلَ بِهَا حِينًا مِنَ الدَّهْرِ، ثُمَّ طَرَأَ عَلَيْهَا عِصْيَانٌ مِنَ الْمُكَلَّفِينَ بِهَا ثُمَّ عَمَدُوا إِلَيْهَا فَبَدَّلُوهَا، وَحَرَّفُوهَا، وَأَوَّلُوهَا. ثُمَّ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ سَلَبُوهَا، فَصَارَتْ مَنْسُوخَةً مُبَدَّلَةً، بَعْدَ مَا كَانَتْ مَشْرُوعَةً مُكَمِّلَةً، فَلِلَّهِ الْأَمْرُ مِنْ قَبْلُ وَمِنْ بَعْدُ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي يَحْكُمُ مَا يَشَاءُ، وَيَفْعَلُ مَا يُرِيدُ، أَلَّا لَهُ الْخَلْقُ وَالْأَمْرُ، تَبَارَكَ اللَّهُ رَبُّ الْعَالَمِينَ.
Translation
✧ The entry of the Children of Israel into the wilderness and the wondrous matters that occurred to them therein. When the wilderness was imposed upon them, Moses regretted it, and they said: “O Moses, how shall we have food here?” So Allah sent down upon them manna and quails. As for the manna, it was said to be like gum, its taste like honey, falling on the trees; it was also said to be tarranjubīn; and it was said to be thin bread; and it was said to be honey that used to descend for each person, a ṣāʿ. As for the quails, it is a bird resembling the quail. They said: “Where is drink?” So Moses commanded, and he struck the rock with his staff, and there gushed forth from it twelve springs, for each tribe a spring. They said: “Where is shade?” So He shaded them with clouds. They said: “Where is clothing?” Their garments used to lengthen with them, and no garment of theirs would tear. Then they said: “O Moses, we will not endure one kind of food. So call upon your Lord for us to bring forth for us of what the earth grows, of its herbs, cucumbers, garlic, lentils, and onions.” He said: “Would you exchange what is better for what is lower? Go down to a city, for you shall have what you have asked for.” When they came out of the wilderness, the manna and quails were lifted from them. Among what occurred during the period of the wilderness was that Moses equipped Joshua to fight a faction of the disbelievers, and that Moses, Aaron, and Hur sat on the top of a hill, and Moses raised his staff. Whenever he raised it, Joshua prevailed over them, and whenever his hand with it inclined from fatigue or the like, those overpowered him. Aaron and Hur kept propping up his hands on his right and his left that day until sunset, and the party of Joshua, ﷺ, prevailed. According to them, Jethro, the priest of Midian and Moses’ father-in-law, ﷺ, learned of what had happened to Moses and how Allah had made him victorious over his enemy Pharaoh, so he came to Moses as a Muslim, bringing with him his daughter Zipporah, Moses’ wife, and her two sons by him, Gershom and Eliezer. Moses met him and honored him, and the elders of the Children of Israel gathered with him, and they revered and magnified him. They mentioned that he saw the great gathering of the Children of Israel around Moses in the disputes that occurred among them, so he advised Moses to appoint over the people trustworthy, God-fearing, virtuous men who abhorred bribes and treachery, and to set them over the people as heads of thousands, heads of hundreds, heads of fifties, and heads of tens, so that they might judge among the people. If a matter became difficult for them, they would come to you, and you would decide between them what was difficult for them. Moses, ﷺ, did that. They said: The Children of Israel entered the wilderness near Sinai in the third month after their exodus from Egypt. Their exodus was at the beginning of the year that was prescribed for them, which is the beginning of spring. So it was as if they entered the wilderness at the beginning of summer. And Allah knows best. They said: The Children of Israel encamped around Mount Sinai, and Moses ascended the mountain, and his Lord spoke to him and commanded him to remind the Children of Israel of the favor Allah had bestowed upon them in delivering them from Pharaoh and his people, and how He bore them as if on the wings of an eagle from His hand and His grasp. He commanded him to command the Children of Israel to purify themselves, bathe, wash their clothes, and prepare for the third day. On the third day, let them gather around the mountain, and let none of them approach it. Whoever draws near to it shall be killed, not even any of the cattle, as long as they hear the sound of the horn. When the horn falls silent, it becomes lawful for you to ascend it. The Children of Israel heard that, obeyed, bathed, cleansed themselves, and perfumed themselves. On the third day, a great cloud covered the mountain, with sounds and lightning within it, and the sound of the trumpet was very loud. The Children of Israel were terrified by that with a great terror, and they came out and stood at the foot of the mountain. A great smoke covered the mountain, in the midst of which was a pillar of light, and the entire mountain quaked with a severe quaking. The sound of the trumpet, which is the horn, continued and grew intense, while Moses, ﷺ, was above the mountain, and Allah was speaking to him and conversing with him. The Lord, mighty and glorious, commanded Moses to go down and command the Children of Israel to draw near to the mountain so that they might hear the commandment of Allah, and to command the priests, who are their scholars, to come near and ascend the mountain to advance in proximity—and this is an explicit text in their book that abrogation must inevitably occur. Moses said: “O Lord, they cannot ascend it, and You have forbidden them from that.” So Allah, exalted be He, commanded him to go and bring with him his brother Aaron, and let the priests, who are the scholars, and the people, who are the rest of the Children of Israel, not be far off. Moses did so, and his Lord, mighty and glorious, spoke to him, and commanded him then with the Ten Words. According to them, the Children of Israel heard the words of Allah, but they did not understand until Moses made them understand. They began to say to Moses: “You convey to us on behalf of the Lord, for we fear that we will die.” So he conveyed to them from Him, and he said these Ten Words, which are: the command to worship Allah alone with no partner; the prohibition of swearing by Allah falsely; the command to observe the Sabbath, meaning setting aside one day of the week for worship—and this is fulfilled by Friday, with which Allah abrogated the Sabbath; honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long in the land which Allah your Lord gives you; do not kill; do not commit adultery; do not steal; do not bear false witness against your neighbor; do not set your eyes upon your neighbor’s house, and do not covet your neighbor’s wife, or his male servant, or his female servant, or his ox, or his donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor—the meaning of which is the prohibition of envy. Many scholars of the predecessors and others have said: The content of these Ten Words is in two verses of the Qur’an, namely Allah’s words, exalted be He, in Sūrat al-Anʿām: “Say: Come, I will recite what your Lord has forbidden you: that you associate nothing with Him, and be good to parents, and do not kill your children out of poverty—We provide for you and for them—and do not approach indecencies, whether open or secret, and do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden except by right. That He has enjoined upon you, that you may understand. And do not approach the orphan’s property except in the best way until he reaches maturity, and give full measure and weight with justice. We do not burden any soul beyond its capacity. And when you speak, be just, even if it concerns a near relative. And fulfill the covenant of Allah. That He has enjoined upon you, that you may remember. And this is My straight path, so follow it, and do not follow other paths, lest they divert you from His way. That He has enjoined upon you, that you may be God-fearing.” [Al-Anʿām: 151–153]. They mentioned after the Ten Words many commandments and scattered, esteemed rulings that existed, then disappeared, and were acted upon for a time, then disobedience arose among those bound by them, then they turned to them and altered them, distorted them, and misinterpreted them. Then after all that, they stripped them away, and they became abrogated and replaced, after having been prescribed and perfected. To Allah belongs the command before and after, and He is the One who decrees what He wills and does what He desires. Indeed, to Him belong creation and command. Blessed be Allah, Lord of the worlds.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.