Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2090
The caliphate of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib
خِلَافَةُ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، ؓ أول من بايع الحسن ؓ بالخلافة قَدْ ذَكَرْنَا أَنَّ عَلِيًّا، ؓ لَمَّا ضَرَبَهُ ابْنُ مُلْجَمٍ قَالُوا لَهُ: اسْتَخْلِفْ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. فَقَالَ: لَا، وَلَكِنْ أَدَعُكُمْ كَمَا تَرَكَكُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَنْهُ وَسَلَّمَ - يَعْنِي بِغَيْرِ اسْتِخْلَافٍ - فَإِنْ يُرِدِ اللَّهُ بِكُمْ خَيْرًا يَجْمَعْكُمْ عَلَى خَيْرِكُمْ، كَمَا جَمَعَكُمْ عَلَى خَيْرِكُمْ بَعْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. فَلَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ وَصَلَّى عَلَيْهِ ابْنُهُ الْحَسَنُ، لِأَنَّهُ أَكْبَرُ بَنِيهِ، ؓ، وَدُفِنَ كَمَا ذَكَرْنَا بِدَارِ الْإِمَارَةِ بِالْكُوفَةِ، عَلَى الصَّحِيحِ مِنْ أَقْوَالِ النَّاسِ، فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ مِنْ شَأْنِهِ كَانَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ تَقَدَّمَ إِلَى الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ، ؓ، قَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدِ بْنِ عُبَادَةَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: ابْسُطْ يَدَكَ أُبَايِعْكَ عَلَى كِتَابِ اللَّهِ وَسُنَّةِ نَبِيِّهِ. فَسَكَتَ الْحَسَنُ، فَبَايَعَهُ ثُمَّ بَايَعَهُ النَّاسُ بَعْدَهُ، وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ يَوْمَ مَاتَ عَلِيٌّ، وَكَانَ مَوْتُهُ يَوْمَ ضُرِبَ، عَلَى قَوْلٍ، وَهُوَ يَوْمُ الْجُمُعَةِ السَّابِعَ عَشَرَ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ سَنَةَ أَرْبَعِينَ، وَقِيلَ: إِنَّمَا مَاتَ بَعْدَ الطَّعْنَةِ بِيَوْمَيْنِ. وَقِيلَ: مَاتَ فِي الْعَشْرِ الْأَخِيرِ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ، وَمِنْ يَوْمَئِذٍ وَلِيَ الْحَسَنُ ابْنُهُ. خروج الحسن لحرب معاوية ؓ وَكَانَ قَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ عَلَى إِمْرَةِ أَذْرَبِيجَانَ تَحْتَ يَدِهِ أَرْبَعُونَ أَلْفَ مُقَاتِلٍ قَدْ بَايَعُوا عَلِيًّا عَلَى الْمَوْتِ، فَلَمَّا مَاتَ عَلِيٌّ أَلَحَّ قَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ عَلَى الْحَسَنِ فِي النَّفِيرِ لِقِتَالِ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ فَعَزْلَ قَيْسًا عَنْ إِمْرَةِ أَذْرَبِيجَانَ، وَوَلَّى عُبَيْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عَبَّاسٍ عَلَيْهَا، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ فِي نِيَّةِ الْحَسَنِ أَنْ يُقَاتِلَ أَحَدًا، وَلَكِنْ غَلَبُوهُ عَلَى رَأْيِهِ، فَاجْتَمَعُوا اجْتِمَاعًا عَظِيمًا لَمْ يُسْمَعْ بِمِثْلِهِ، فَأَمَرَ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدِ بْنِ عُبَادَةَ عَلَى الْمُقَدِّمَةِ فِي اثْنَيْ عَشَرَ أَلْفًا بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ، وَسَارَ هُوَ بِالْجُيُوشِ فِي إِثْرِهِ قَاصِدًا بِلَادَ الشَّامِ لِيُقَاتِلَ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَأَهْلَ الشَّامِ فَلَمَّا اجْتَازَ بِالْمَدَائِنِ نَزَلَهَا وَقَدَّمَ الْمُقَدِّمَةَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ، فَبَيْنَمَا هُوَ فِي الْمَدَائِنِ مُعَسْكِرٌ بِظَاهِرِهَا، إِذْ صَرَخَ فِي النَّاسِ صَارِخٌ: أَلَا إِنَّ قَيْسَ بْنَ سَعْدِ بْنِ عُبَادَةَ قَدْ قُتِلَ. فَثَارَ النَّاسُ فَانْتَهَبَ بَعْضُهُمْ بَعْضًا، حَتَّى انْتَهَبُوا سُرَادِقَ الْحَسَنِ. حَتَّى نَازَعُوهُ بِسَاطًا كَانَ جَالِسًا عَلَيْهِ، وَطَعَنَهُ بَعْضُهُمْ حِينَ رَكِبَ طَعْنَةً أَشْوَتْهُ، فَكَرِهَهُمُ الْحَسَنُ كَرَاهِيَةً شَدِيدَةً، ثُمَّ رَكِبَ فَدَخَلَ الْقَصْرَ الْأَبْيَضَ مِنَ الْمَدَائِنِ فَنَزَلَهُ وَهُوَ جَرِيحٌ، وَكَانَ عَامِلَهُ عَلَى الْمَدَائِنِ سَعْدُ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ الثَّقَفِيُّ، أَخُو أَبِي عُبَيْدٍ صَاحِبِ يَوْمِ الْجِسْرِ، فَلَمَّا اسْتَقَرَّ الْحَسَنُ بِالْقَصْرِ قَالَ الْمُخْتَارُ بْنُ أَبَى عُبَيْدٍ، قَبَّحَهُ اللَّهُ، لِعَمِّهِ سَعْدِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ: هَلْ لَكَ فِي الشَّرَفِ وَالْغِنَى ؟ قَالَ: وَمَا ذَا ؟ قَالَ: تَأْخُذُ الْحَسَنَ بْنَ عَلِيٍّ فَتُقَيِّدُهُ وَتَبْعَثُ بِهِ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ. فَقَالَ لَهُ عَمُّهُ: قَبَّحَكَ اللَّهُ وَقَبَّحَ مَا جِئْتَ بِهِ ! أَأَغْدِرُ بِابْنِ بِنْتِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ ؟ ! الصلح بين معاوية والحسن ؓ وَلَمَّا رَأَى الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ تَفَرُّقَ جَيْشِهِ عَلَيْهِ مَقَتَهُمْ، وَكَتَبَ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ - وَكَانَ قَدْ رَكِبَ فِي أَهْلِ الشَّامِ فَنَزَلَ مَسْكِنَ - يُرَاوِضُهُ عَلَى الصُّلْحِ بَيْنَهُمَا فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ مُعَاوِيَةُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عَامِرٍ وَعَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ سَمُرَةَ، فَقَدِمَا عَلَيْهِ الْكُوفَةَ فَبَذَلًا لَهُ مَا أَرَادَ مِنَ الْأَمْوَالِ، فَاشْتَرَطَ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ مِنْ بَيْتِ مَالِ الْكُوفَةِ خَمْسَةَ آلَافِ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَأَنْ يَكُونَ خَرَاجُ دَارَابْجِرْدَ لَهُ، وَأَنْ لَا يُسَبَّ عَلِيٌّ وَهُوَ يَسْمَعُ، فَإِذَا فُعِلَ ذَلِكَ نَزَلَ عَنِ الْإِمْرَةِ لِمُعَاوِيَةَ، وَيَحْقِنُ الدِّمَاءَ بَيْنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ. فَاصْطَلَحُوا عَلَى ذَلِكَ وَاجْتَمَعَتِ الْكَلِمَةُ عَلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ وَقَدْ لَامَ الْحُسَيْنُ أَخَاهُ الْحَسَنَ عَلَى هَذَا الرَّأْيِ، فَلَمْ يَقْبَلْ مِنْهُ، وَالصَّوَابُ مَعَ الْحَسَنِ، ؓ. مبايعة قيس لمعاوية ؓ ثُمَّ بَعَثَ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ إِلَى أَمِيرِ الْمُقَدِّمَةِ قَيْسِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ أَنْ يَسْمَعَ وَيُطِيعَ لِمُعَاوِيَةَ، فَأَبَى قَيْسٌ مِنْ قَبُولِ ذَلِكَ، وَخَرَجَ عَنْ طَاعَتِهِمَا جَمِيعًا، وَاعْتَزَلَ بِمَنْ أَطَاعَهُ، ثُمَّ رَاجَعَ الْأَمْرَ فَبَايَعَ مُعَاوِيَةَ بَعْدَ أَيَّامٍ قَرِيبَةٍ، كَمَا سَنَذْكُرُهُ. ثُمَّ الْمَشْهُورُ أَنَّ مُبَايَعَةَ الْحَسَنِ لِمُعَاوِيَةَ كَانَتْ فِي سَنَةِ أَرْبَعِينَ، وَلِهَذَا يُقَالُ لَهُ: عَامُ الْجَمَاعَةِ. لِاجْتِمَاعِ الْكَلِمَةِ فِيهِ عَلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ، وَالْمَشْهُورُ عِنْدَ ابْنِ جَرِيرٍ وَغَيْرِهِ مِنْ عُلَمَاءِ السِّيَرِ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ كَانَ فِي أَوَائِلِ سَنَةِ إِحْدَى وَأَرْبَعِينَ. إقامة الحسن في المدينة ثُمَّ ارْتَحَلَ الْحَسَنُ عَنِ الْكُوفَةِ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ فَأَقَامَ بِهَا. وَأَخْرَجَ الْحَاكِمُ عَنْ جُبَيْرِ بْنِ نُفَيْرٍ قَالَ: (قُلْتُ لِلْحَسَنِ: إِنَّ النَّاسَ يَقُولُونَ: إِنَّكَ تُرِيدُ الْخِلَافَةَ؟ فَقَالَ: قَدْ كَانَ جَمَاجِمُ الْعَرَبِ فِي يَدِي يُحَارِبُونَ مَنْ حَارَبْتُ، وَيُسَالِمُونَ مَنْ سَالَمْتُ، تَرَكْتُهَا ابْتِغَاءَ وَجْهِ اللَّهِ، وَحَقْنِ دِمَاءِ أُمَّةِ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ، ثُمَّ أَبْتَزُّهَا بِأَتْيَاسِ أَهْلِ الْحِجَازِ).
Translation
✧ The caliphate of al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, ؓ The first to pledge allegiance to al-Ḥasan ؓ as caliph We have already mentioned that when Ibn Muljam struck ʿAlī ؓ, they said to him: "Appoint a successor, O Commander of the Faithful." He said: "No, but I leave you as the Messenger of God ﷺ left you — meaning without appointing a successor — and if God wills good for you, He will unite you upon the best of you, just as He united you upon the best of you after the Messenger of God ﷺ." When he died and his son al-Ḥasan prayed over him, because he was the eldest of his sons, ؓ, and he was buried, as we mentioned, in the governor's residence in al-Kūfah, according to the most sound of the people's statements, then when he had finished with his affairs, the first to come forward to al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, ؓ, was Qays b. Saʿd b. ʿUbādah. He said to him: "Stretch out your hand that I may pledge allegiance to you upon the Book of God and the Sunnah of His Prophet." Al-Ḥasan was silent, so he pledged allegiance to him, then the people pledged allegiance to him after him. That was on the day ʿAlī died, and his death was on the day he was struck, according to one statement, which was a Friday, the seventeenth of Ramaḍān in the year forty. It is also said that he died two days after being stabbed. It is also said that he died in the last ten days of Ramaḍān. From that day, his son al-Ḥasan assumed authority. Al-Ḥasan's departure to fight Muʿāwiyah ؓ Qays b. Saʿd was governor of Azerbaijan, and under his command were forty thousand fighting men who had pledged allegiance to ʿAlī upon death. When ʿAlī died, Qays b. Saʿd urged al-Ḥasan strongly to go out to fight the people of Syria, so al-Ḥasan dismissed Qays from the governorship of Azerbaijan and appointed ʿUbayd Allāh b. ʿAbbās over it. Al-Ḥasan did not intend to fight anyone, but they overcame his judgment. They gathered in a great multitude the like of which had never been heard, and al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī ordered Qays b. Saʿd b. ʿUbādah over the vanguard with twelve thousand men between his hands, and he himself marched with the armies behind him, heading for the lands of Syria to fight Muʿāwiyah and the people of Syria. When he passed through al-Madāʾin, he stopped there and sent the vanguard ahead of him. While he was camped on the outskirts of al-Madāʾin, suddenly a crier shouted among the people: "Verily Qays b. Saʿd b. ʿUbādah has been killed!" The people rose up and some of them plundered others, until they plundered al-Ḥasan's pavilion, and they even disputed over a carpet he was sitting on. One of them stabbed him when he mounted, a wound that grazed him. Al-Ḥasan came to detest them intensely. Then he mounted and entered the White Palace of al-Madāʾin and alighted there while wounded. His governor over al-Madāʾin was Saʿd b. Masʿūd al-Thaqafī, the brother of Abū ʿUbayd, the man of the Day of the Bridge. When al-Ḥasan settled in the palace, al-Mukhtār b. Abī ʿUbayd, may God disfigure him, said to his uncle Saʿd b. Masʿūd: "Would you like honor and wealth?" He said: "And what is that?" He said: "You seize al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, bind him, and send him to Muʿāwiyah." His uncle said to him: "May God disfigure you and disfigure what you have brought! Would I betray the son of the daughter of the Messenger of God ﷺ?!" The reconciliation between Muʿāwiyah and al-Ḥasan ؓ When al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī saw the disintegration of his army against him, he despised them. He wrote at that time to Muʿāwiyah — who had mounted with the people of Syria and encamped at Maskan — negotiating with him for reconciliation between the two of them. Muʿāwiyah sent to him ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Samurah. They came to him in al-Kūfah and offered him whatever wealth he desired. He stipulated that he take from the treasury of al-Kūfah five million dirhams, that the land tax of Dārābjird be his, and that ʿAlī not be reviled while he could hear it. If that were done, he would step down from authority in favor of Muʿāwiyah and spare the blood of the Muslims. They made peace upon that, and the word united upon Muʿāwiyah. Al-Ḥusayn blamed his brother al-Ḥasan for this decision, but he did not accept it from him. Right was with al-Ḥasan, ؓ. The pledge of allegiance of Qays to Muʿāwiyah ؓ Then al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī sent to the commander of the vanguard, Qays b. Saʿd, that he should hear and obey Muʿāwiyah. Qays refused to accept that, and he departed from obedience to both of them and withdrew with those who obeyed him. Then he reconsidered the matter and pledged allegiance to Muʿāwiyah a few days later, as we will mention. The widely known view is that al-Ḥasan's pledge of allegiance to Muʿāwiyah was in the year forty, for which reason it is called the Year of the Community, because the word was united upon Muʿāwiyah in it. The widely known view according to Ibn Jarīr and other scholars of biography is that that was in the beginning of the year forty-one. Al-Ḥasan's residence in al-Madīnah Then al-Ḥasan departed from al-Kūfah to al-Madīnah and resided there. Al-Ḥākim narrated from Jubayr b. Nufayr who said: "I said to al-Ḥasan: 'The people say that you desire the caliphate?' He said: 'The skulls of the Arabs were in my hand; they fought those whom I fought and made peace with those with whom I made peace. I left it seeking the face of God and to spare the blood of the community of Muḥammad ﷺ. Then shall I snatch it with the he-goats of the people of the Hijaz?'"
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No grade is recorded for this wording.