Dalil
العربية

Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2063

The caliphate of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib

فَصَلٌ فِي ذِكْرِ وَقْعَةِ صِفِّينَ  بَيْنَ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ عَلِيٍّ وَبَيْنَ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ مُعَاوِيَةَ شهود صفين من أهل بدر عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سِيرِينَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: هَاجَتِ الْفِتْنَةُ وَأَصْحَابُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، عَشَرَاتُ أُلُوفٍ فَلَمْ يَحْضُرْهَا مِنْهُمْ مِائَةٌ، بَلْ لَمْ يَبْلُغُوا ثَلَاثِينَ. وَعَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ أَبِي لَيْلَى قَالَ: شَهِدَ صِفِّينَ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَدْرٍ سَبْعُونَ رَجُلًا. فَقَالَ: كَذَبَ أَبُو شَيْبَةَ، وَاللَّهِ لَقَدْ ذَاكَرْنَا الْحَكَمَ فِي ذَلِكَ، فَمَا وَجَدْنَاهُ شَهِدَ صِفِّينَ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَدْرٍ غَيْرَ خُزَيْمَةَ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ. وَقَدْ قِيلَ: إِنَّهُ شَهِدَهَا مِنْ أَهْلِ بَدْرٍ سَهْلُ بْنُ حُنَيْفٍ، وَكَذَا أَبُو أَيُّوبَ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ. قَالَهُ شَيْخُنَا الْعَلَّامَةُ ابْنُ تَيْمِيَّةَ فِي كِتَابِ " الرَّدِّ عَلَى الرَّافِضَةِ ". وَرَوَى ابْنُ بَطَّةَ بِإِسْنَادِهِ، عَنْ بُكَيْرِ بْنِ الْأَشَجِّ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: أَمَا إِنَّ رِجَالًا مِنْ أَهْلِ بَدْرٍ لَزِمُوا بُيُوتَهُمْ بَعْدَ قَتْلِ عُثْمَانَ فَلَمْ يَخْرُجُوا إِلَّا إِلَى قُبُورِهِمْ. إظهار معاوية الخلاف لعلي وَأَمَّا عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، ؓ، فَإِنَّهُ لَمَّا فَرَغَ مِنْ وَقْعَةِ الْجَمَلِ وَدَخَلَ الْبَصْرَةَ وَشَيَّعَ أُمَّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَائِشَةَ لَمَّا أَرَادَتِ الرُّجُوعَ إِلَى مَكَّةَ، سَارَ مِنَ الْبَصْرَةِ إِلَى الْكُوفَةِ، قَالَ ابْنُ أَبِي الْكَنُودِ عُبَيْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ: فَدَخَلَهَا عَلِيٌّ يَوْمَ الِاثْنَيْنِ لِثِنْتَيْ عَشْرَةَ لَيْلَةً خَلَتْ مِنْ رَجَبٍ سَنَةَ سِتٍّ وَثَلَاثِينَ، فَقِيلَ لَهُ: انْزِلْ بِالْقَصْرِ الْأَبْيَضِ. فَقَالَ: لَا، إِنَّ عُمَرَ كَانَ يَكْرَهُ نُزُولَهُ، فَأَنَا أَكْرَهُهُ لِذَلِكَ. فَنَزَلَ فِي الرَّحْبَةِ وَصَلَّى فِي الْجَامِعِ الْأَعْظَمِ رَكْعَتَيْنِ، ثُمَّ خَطَبَ النَّاسَ فَحَثَّهُمْ عَلَى الْخَيْرِ وَنَهَاهُمْ عَنِ الشَّرِّ، وَمَدَحَ أَهْلَ الْكُوفَةِ فِي خُطْبَتِهِ هَذِهِ، ثُمَّ بَعَثَ إِلَى جَرِيرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ - وَكَانَ عَلَى هَمَذَانَ مِنْ زَمَانِ عُثْمَانَ - وَإِلَى الْأَشْعَثِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ - وَهُوَ عَلَى نِيَابَةِ أَذْرَبِيجَانَ مِنْ أَيَّامِ عُثْمَانَ - يَأْمُرُهُمَا أَنْ يَأْخُذَا الْبَيْعَةَ لَهُ عَلَى مَنْ هُنَالِكَ ثُمَّ يُقْبِلَا إِلَيْهِ، فَفَعَلَا ذَلِكَ. علي يرسل جرير لمعاوية لأخذ البيعة منه ؓ فَلَمَّا أَرَادَ عَلِيٌّ، ؓ، أَنْ يَبْعَثَ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ، ؓ، يَدْعُوهُ إِلَى بَيْعَتِهِ، قَالَ جَرِيرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ: أَنَا أَذْهَبُ إِلَيْهِ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، فَإِنَّ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَهُ وُدًّا، فَآخُذُ لَكَ الْبَيْعَةَ مِنْهُ. فَقَالَ الْأَشْتَرُ: لَا تَبْعَثْهُ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، فَإِنِّي أَخْشَى أَنْ يَكُونَ هَوَاهُ مَعَهُ. فَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ: دَعْهُ. فَبَعَثَهُ وَكَتَبَ مَعَهُ كِتَابًا إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ يُعْلِمُهُ بِاجْتِمَاعِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ عَلَى بَيْعَتِهِ، وَيُخْبِرُهُ بِمَا كَانَ فِي وَقْعَةِ الْجَمَلِ، وَيَدْعُوهُ إِلَى الدُّخُولِ فِيمَا دَخَلَ فِيهِ النَّاسُ. مبايعة عمرو بن العاص لمعاوية لمحاربة علي ؓ فَلَمَّا انْتَهَى إِلَيْهِ جَرِيرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ أَعْطَاهُ الْكِتَابَ. وَطَلَبَ مُعَاوِيَةُ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ وَرُءُوسَ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ فَاسْتَشَارَهُمْ، فَأَبَوْا أَنْ يُبَايِعُوا حَتَّى يَقْتُلَ قَتَلَةَ عُثْمَانَ، أَوْ أَنْ يُسَلِّمَ إِلَيْهِمْ قَتَلَةَ عُثْمَانَ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْعَلْ قَاتَلُوهُ وَلَمْ يُبَايِعُوهُ حَتَّى يَقْتُلَهُمْ عَنْ آخِرِهِمْ. فَرَجَعَ جَرِيرٌ إِلَى عَلِيٍّ فَأَخْبَرَهُ بِمَا قَالُوا، فَقَالَ الْأَشْتَرُ: أَلَمْ أَنْهَكَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَنْ تَبْعَثَ جَرِيرًا ؟ فَلَوْ كُنْتَ بَعَثْتَنِي لَمَا فَتَحَ مُعَاوِيَةُ بَابًا إِلَّا أَغْلَقْتُهُ. فَقَالَ لَهُ جَرِيرٌ لَوْ كُنْتَ ثَمَّ لَقَتَلُوكَ بِدَمِ عُثْمَانَ. فَقَالَ الْأَشْتَرُ: وَاللَّهِ لَوْ بَعَثَنِي لَمْ يُعْيِنِي جَوَابُ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَلَأُعْجِلَنَّهُ عَنِ الْفِكْرَةِ، وَلَوْ أَطَاعَنِي فِيكَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، لَحَبَسَكَ وَأَمْثَالَكَ حَتَّى يَسْتَقِيمَ أَمْرُ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ. فَقَامَ جَرِيرٌ مُغْضَبًا فَأَقَامَ بِقَرْقِيسِياءَ، وَكَتَبَ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ يُخْبِرُهُ بِمَا قَالَ وَمَا قِيلَ لَهُ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ مُعَاوِيَةُ يَأْمُرُهُ بِالْقُدُومِ عَلَيْهِ. خروج علي بن أبي طالب إلى صفين وَخَرَجَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلِيٌّ مِنَ الْكُوفَةِ عَازِمًا عَلَى الدُّخُولِ إِلَى الشَّامِ، فَعَسْكَرَ بِالنُّخَيْلَةِ، وَاسْتَخْلَفَ عَلَى الْكُوفَةِ أَبَا مَسْعُودٍ عُقْبَةَ بْنَ عَمْرٍو الْبَدْرِيَّ الْأَنْصَارِيَّ، وَكَانَ قَدْ أَشَارَ عَلَيْهِ جَمَاعَةٌ بِأَنْ يُقِيمَ بِالْكُوفَةِ وَيَبْعَثَ الْجُنُودَ، وَأَشَارَ آخَرُونَ عَلَيْهِ بِالْخُرُوجِ بِنَفْسِهِ. وَبَلَغَ مُعَاوِيَةَ أَنَّ عَلِيًّا قَدْ خَرَجَ إِلَيْهِ بِنَفْسِهِ فَاسْتَشَارَ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: اخْرُجْ إِلَيْهِ أَيْضًا أَنْتَ بِنَفْسِكَ. وَقَامَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ فِي النَّاسِ خَطِيبًا فَقَالَ: إِنَّ صَنَادِيدَ أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ وَالْبَصْرَةِ قَدْ تَفَانَوْا يَوْمَ الْجَمَلِ، وَلَمْ يَبْقَ مَعَ عَلِيٍّ إِلَّا شِرْذِمَةٌ قَلِيلَةٌ مِمَّنْ قَتَلَ الْخَلِيفَةَ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانَ، فَاللَّهَ اللَّهَ فِي حَقِّكُمْ أَنْ تُضَيِّعُوهُ، وَفِي دَمِ عُثْمَانَ خَلِيفَةِ اللَّهِ فَلَا تُطِلُّوهُ. وَكَتَبَ إِلَى أَجْنَادِ الشَّامِ فَحَضَرُوا، وَعُقِدَتِ الْأَلْوِيَةُ وَالرَّايَاتُ لِلْأُمَرَاءِ، وَتَهَيَّأَ أَهْلُ الشَّامِ وَتَأَهَّبُوا، وَخَرَجُوا أَيْضًا إِلَى نَحْوِ الْفُرَاتِ مِنْ نَاحِيَةِ صِفِّينَ - حَيْثُ يَكُونُ مَقْدَمُ عَلِيٍّ - وَسَارَ عَلِيٌّ، ؓ، بِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ النُّخَيْلَةِ قَاصِدًا أَرْضَ الشَّامِ. قَالَ أَبُو إِسْرَائِيلَ عَنِ الْحَكَمِ بْنِ عُتَيْبَةَ: وَكَانَ فِي جَيْشِ عَلِيٍّ ثَمَانُونَ بَدْرِيًّا، وَمِائَةٌ وَخَمْسُونَ مِمَّنْ بَايَعَ تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ. رَوَاهُ ابْنُ دِيزِيلَ. قصة الراهب مع علي ؓ وَقَدِ اجْتَازَ فِي طَرِيقِهِ بِرَاهِبٍ، فَكَانَ مِنْ أَمْرِهِ مَا ذَكَرَهُ إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ دِيزِيلَ فِي كِتَابِهِ، عَنْ حَبَّةَ الْعُرَنِيِّ قَالَ: لَمَّا أَتَى عَلِيٌّ الرَّقَّةَ، نَزَلَ بِمَكَانٍ يُقَالُ لَهُ: الْبَلِيخُ. عَلَى جَانِبِ الْفُرَاتِ، فَنَزَلَ إِلَيْهِ رَاهِبٌ مِنْ صَوْمَعَتِهِ، فَقَالَ لِعَلِيٍّ: إِنَّ عِنْدَنَا كِتَابًا تَوَارَثْنَاهُ عَنْ آبَائِنَا، كَتَبَهُ أَصْحَابُ عِيسَى بْنِ مَرْيَمَ، عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلَامُ، أَعْرِضُهُ عَلَيْكَ ؟ فَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ: نَعَمْ. فَقَرَأَ الرَّاهِبُ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ، الَّذِي قَضَى فِيمَا قَضَى، وَسَطَّرَ فِيمَا سَطَّرَ، وَكَتَبَ فِيمَا كَتَبَ أَنَّهُ بَاعِثٌ فِي الْأُمِّيِّينَ رَسُولًا مِنْهُمْ يُعَلِّمُهُمُ الْكِتَابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَيُزَكِّيهِمْ، وَيَدُلُّهُمْ عَلَى سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، لَا فَظٌّ وَلَا غَلِيظٌ وَلَا صَخَّابٌ فِي الْأَسْوَاقِ، وَلَا يَجْزِي بِالسَّيِّئَةِ السَّيِّئَةَ، وَلَكِنْ يَعْفُو وَيَصْفَحُ، أُمَّتُهُ الْحَمَّادُونَ الَّذِينَ يَحْمَدُونَ اللَّهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَرَفٍ، وَفِي كُلِّ صُعُودٍ وَهُبُوطٍ تَذِلُّ أَلْسِنَتُهُمْ بِالتَّهْلِيلِ وَالتَّكْبِيرِ، وَيَنْصُرُهُ اللَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ مَنْ نَاوَأَهُ، فَإِذَا تَوَفَّاهُ اللَّهُ اخْتَلَفَتْ أُمَّتُهُ ثُمَّ اجْتَمَعَتْ فَلَبِثَتْ بِذَلِكَ مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ، ثُمَّ اخْتَلَفَتْ، ثُمَّ يَمُرُّ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أُمَّتِهِ بِشَاطِئِ هَذَا الْفُرَاتِ، يَأْمُرُ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَى عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ، وَيَقْضِي بِالْحَقِّ، وَلَا يُنَكِّسُ الْحُكْمُ، الدُّنْيَا أَهْوَنُ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الرَّمَادِ - أَوْ قَالَ: التُّرَابِ - فِي يَوْمٍ عَصَفَتْ فِيهِ الرِّيحُ، وَالْمَوْتُ أَهْوَنُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ شُرْبِ الْمَاءِ، يَخَافُ اللَّهَ فِي السِّرِّ، وَيَنْصَحُ فِي الْعَلَانِيَةِ، وَلَا يَخَافُ فِي اللَّهِ لَوْمَةَ لَائِمٍ، فَمَنْ أَدْرَكَ ذَلِكَ النَّبِيَّ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْبِلَادِ فَآمَنَ بِهِ، كَانَ ثَوَابُهُ رِضْوَانِي وَالْجَنَّةَ، وَمَنْ أَدْرَكَ ذَلِكَ الْعَبْدَ الصَّالِحَ فَلْيَنْصُرْهُ، فَإِنَّ الْقَتْلَ مَعَهُ شَهَادَةٌ. ثُمَّ قَالَ لِعَلِيٍّ: فَأَنَا أُصَاحِبُكَ فَلَا أُفَارِقُكَ حَتَّى يُصِيبَنِي مَا أَصَابَكَ. فَبَكَى عَلِيٌّ ثُمَّ قَالَ: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي لَمْ يَجْعَلْنِي عِنْدَهُ نَسْيًا مَنْسِيًّا، وَالْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي ذَكَرَنِي عِنْدَهُ فِي كُتُبِ الْأَبْرَارِ. فَمَضَى الرَّاهِبُ مَعَهُ وَأَسْلَمَ، فَكَانَ مَعَ عَلِيٍّ حَتَّى أُصِيبَ يَوْمَ صِفِّينَ، فَلَمَّا خَرَجَ النَّاسُ يَدْفِنُونَ قَتْلَاهُمْ قَالَ عَلِيٌّ: اطْلُبُوا الرَّاهِبَ. فَلَمَّا وَجَدُوهُ صَلَّى عَلَيْهِ وَدَفَنَهُ وَاسْتَغْفَرَ لَهُ. مسير جيش علي ؓ وأحداث المعركة وَقَدْ بَعَثَ عَلِىٌّ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ زِيَادَ بْنَ النَّضْرِ الْحَارِثِيَّ طَلِيعَةً فِي ثَمَانِيَةِ آلَافٍ، وَمَعَهُ شُرَيْحُ بْنُ هَانِئٍ فِي أَرْبَعَةِ آلَافٍ، فَسَارُوا فِي طَرِيقٍ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ غَيْرِ طَرِيقِهِ، وَجَاءَ عَلِيٌّ فَقَطَعَ دِجْلَةَ مِنْ جِسْرِ مَنْبِجٍ، وَسَارَتِ الْمُقَدِّمَتَانِ، فَبَلَغَهُمْ أَنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ رَكِبَ فِي أَهْلِ الشَّامِ ; لِيَلْقَى عَلِيًّا، فَهَمُّوا بِلِقَائِهِ، فَخَافُوا مِنْ قِلَّةِ عَدَدِهِمْ بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَيْهِ، فَعَدَلُوا عَنْ طَرِيقِهِمْ وَجَاءُوا لِيَعْبُرُوا مِنْ عَانَاتَ، فَمَنَعَهُمْ أَهْلُ عَانَاتَ، فَسَارُوا فَعَبَرُوا مِنْ هِيتَ، ثُمَّ لَحِقُوا عَلِيًّا - وَقَدْ سَبَقَهُمْ - فَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ: مُقَدِّمَتِي تَأْتِي مِنْ وَرَائِي ! فَاعْتَذَرُوا إِلَيْهِ بِمَا جَرَى لَهُمْ، فَعَذَرَهُمْ ثُمَّ قَدَّمَهُمْ أَمَامَهُ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ بَعْدَ أَنْ عَبَرَ الْفُرَاتَ، فَتَلَقَّاهُمْ أَبُو الْأَعْوَرِ عَمْرُو بْنُ سُفْيَانَ السُّلَمِىُّ فِي مُقَدِّمَةِ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ، فَتَوَاقَفُوا، وَدَعَاهُمْ زِيَادُ بْنُ النَّضْرِ أَمِيرُ مُقَدِّمَةِ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ إِلَى بَيْعَةِ عَلِيٍّ فَلَمْ يُجِيبُوهُ بِشَيْءٍ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَى عَلِيٍّ بِذَلِكَ، فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِمْ عَلِيٌّ الْأَشْتَرَ النَّخَعِيَّ أَمِيرًا، وَعَلَى مَيْمَنَتِهِ زِيَادُ بْنُ النَّضْرِ، وَعَلَى مَيْسَرَتِهِ شُرَيْحٌ، وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ لَا يَتَقَدَّمَ إِلَى أَهْلِ الشَّامِ بِقِتَالٍ حَتَّى يَبْدَأُوهُ أَوَّلًا بِالْقِتَالِ، وَلَكِنْ لِيَدْعُهُمْ إِلَى الْبَيْعَةِ مَرَّةً بَعْدَ مَرَّةٍ، فَإِنِ امْتَنَعُوا فَلَا يُقَاتِلْهُمْ حَتَّى يُقَاتِلُوهُ، وَلَا يَقْرَبْ مِنْهُمْ قُرْبَ مَنْ يُرِيدُ الْحَرْبَ، وَلَا يُبْعُدْ مِنْهُمْ إِبْعَادَ مَنْ يَهَابُ الرِّجَالَ، وَلَكِنْ صَابِرْهُمْ حَتَّى آتِيَكَ، فَأَنَا حَثِيثُ السَّيْرِ وَرَاءَكَ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ. وَبَعَثَ مَعَهُ بِكِتَابِ الْإِمَارَةِ عَلَى الْمُقَدِّمَةِ مَعَ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ جُمْهَانَ الْجُعْفِيِّ. فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ الْأَشْتَرُ عَلَى الْمُقَدِّمَةِ، امْتَثَلَ مَا أَمَرَهُ بِهِ عَلِيٌّ، فَتَوَاقَفَ هُوَ وَمُقَدِّمَةُ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَعَلَيْهَا أَبُو الْأَعْوَرِ، فَلَمْ يَزَالُوا مُتَوَاقِفِينَ يَوْمَهُمْ ذَلِكَ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ آخِرُ النَّهَارِ حَمَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَبُو الْأَعْوَرِ السُّلَمِيُّ فَثَبَتُوا لَهُ، وَاضْطَرَبُوا سَاعَةً، ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ أَهْلُ الشَّامِ عِنْدَ الْمَسَاءِ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ الْغَدُ تَوَاقَفُوا أَيْضًا وَتَصَابَرُوا، فَحَمَلَ الْأَشْتَرُ فَقَتَلَ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ الْمُنْذِرِ التَّنُوخِيَّ - وَكَانَ مِنْ فُرْسَانِ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ - قَتَلَهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ يُقَالُ لَهُ: ظَبْيَانُ بْنُ عُمَارَةَ التَّمِيمِيُّ. فَعِنْدَ ذَلِكَ حَمَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَبُو الْأَعْوَرِ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ، فَتَقَدَّمُوا إِلَيْهِمْ، وَطَلَبَ الْأَشْتَرُ مِنْ أَبِي الْأَعْوَرِ أَنْ يُبَارِزَهُ، فَلَمْ يُجِبْهُ أَبُو الْأَعْوَرِ إِلَى ذَلِكَ، وَكَأَنَّهُ رَآهُ غَيْرَ كُفْءٍ لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ - وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ - ثُمَّ تَحَاجَزَ الْقَوْمُ عَنِ الْقِتَالِ عِنْدَ إِقْبَالِ اللَّيْلِ مِنَ الْيَوْمِ الثَّانِي. فَلَمَّا كَانَ صَبَاحُ الْيَوْمِ الثَّالِثِ أَقْبَلَ عَلِيٌّ، ؓ، فِي جُيُوشِهِ وَجَاءَ مُعَاوِيَةُ، ؓ، فِي جُنُودِهِ فَتَوَاجَهَ الْفَرِيقَانِ، وَتَقَابَلَ الْجَمْعَانِ - وَبِاللَّهِ الْمُسْتَعَانُ - فَتَوَاقَفُوا طَوِيلًا، وَذَلِكَ بِمَكَانٍ يُقَالُ لَهُ: صِفِّينَ. وَذَلِكَ فِي أَوَائِلِ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ، ثُمَّ عَدَلَ عَلِيٌّ، ؓ، فَارْتَادَ لِجَيْشِهِ مَنْزِلًا، وَقَدْ كَانَ مُعَاوِيَةُ سَبَقَ بِجَيْشِهِ فَنَزَلُوا عَلَى مَشْرَعَةِ الْمَاءَ فِي أَسْهَلِ مَوْضِعٍ وَأَفْيَحِهِ، فَلَمَّا جَاءَ عَلِيٌّ نَزَلَ بَعِيدًا مِنَ الْمَاءِ، وَجَاءَ سَرَعَانُ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ لِيَرِدُوا مِنَ الْمَاءِ، فَمَنَعَهُمْ أَهْلُ الشَّامِ فَوَقَعَ بَيْنَهُمْ مُقَاتَلَةٌ بِسَبَبِ ذَلِكَ. وَكَانَ مُعَاوِيَةُ قَدْ وَكَّلَ عَلَى الشَّرِيعَةِ أَبَا الْأَعْوَرِ السُّلَمِيَّ، وَلَيْسَ هُنَاكَ مَشْرَعَةٌ سِوَاهَا، فَعَطِشَ أَصْحَابُ عَلِيٍّ عَطَشًا شَدِيدًا، فَبَعَثَ عَلِيٌّ الْأَشْعَثَ بْنَ قَيْسٍ الْكِنْدِيَّ فِي جَمَاعَةٍ لِيَصِلُوا إِلَى الْمَاءِ، فَمَنَعَهُمْ أُولَئِكَ وَقَالُوا: مُوتُوا عَطَشًا كَمَا مَنَعْتُمْ عُثْمَانَ الْمَاءَ. فَتَرَامَوْا بِالنَّبْلِ سَاعَةً، ثُمَّ تَطَاعَنُوا بِالرِّمَاحِ أُخْرَى، ثُمَّ تَقَاتَلُوا بِالسُّيُوفِ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ، وَأَمَدَّ كُلَّ طَائِفَةٍ أَصْحَابُهَا، حَتَّى جَاءَ الْأَشْتَرُ مِنْ نَاحِيَةِ الْعِرَاقِيِّينَ، وَجَاءَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ مِنْ نَاحِيَةِ الشَّامِيِّينَ، فَاشْتَدَّتِ الْحَرْبُ بَيْنَهُمْ أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا كَانَتْ، وَقَدْ قَالَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ - وَهُوَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَوْفِ بْنِ الْأَحْمَرِ الْأَزْدِيُّ - وَهُوَ يُقَاتِلُ: خَلُّوا لَنَا مَاءَ الْفُرَاتِ الْجَارِي أَوِ اثْبُتُوا لِجَحْفَلٍ جَرَّارِ     لِكُلِّ قَرْمٍ مُسْتَمِيتٍ شَارِ مُطَاعِنٍ بِرُمْحِهِ كَرَّارِ     ضَرَّابِ هَامَاتِ الْعِدَا مِغْوَارِ ثُمَّ مَا زَالَ أَهْلُ الْعِرَاقِ يَكْشِفُونَ الشَّامِيِّينَ عَنِ الْمَاءِ حَتَّى أَزَاحُوهُمْ عَنْهُ وَخَلَّوْا بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَهُ، ثُمَّ اصْطَلَحُوا عَلَى الْوُرُودِ حَتَّى صَارُوا يَزْدَحِمُونَ فِي تِلْكَ الشَّرِيعَةِ لَا يُكَلِّمُ أَحَدٌ أَحَدًا، وَلَا يُؤْذِي إِنْسَانٌ مِنْهُمْ إِنْسَانًا. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ أَنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ لَمَّا أَمَرَ أَبَا الْأَعْوَرِ بِحِفْظِ الشَّرِيعَةِ وَقَفَ دُونَهَا بِرِمَاحٍ مُشْرَعَةٍ، وَسُيُوفٍ مُسَلَّلَةٍ، وَسِهَامٍ مُفَوَّقَةٍ، وَقِسِيٍّ مُوَتَّرَةٍ، فَجَاءَ أَصْحَابُ عَلِيٍّ عَلِيًّا فَشَكَوْا إِلَيْهِ ذَلِكَ، فَبَعَثَ صَعْصَعَةَ بْنَ صُوحَانَ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ يَقُولُ لَهُ: إِنَّا جِئْنَا كَافِّينَ عَنْ قِتَالِكُمْ حَتَّى نُقِيمَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْحُجَّةَ، فَبَعَثْتَ إِلَيْنَا مُقَدَّمَتَكَ فَقَاتَلَتْنَا قَبْلَ أَنْ نَبْدَأَكُمْ بِالْقِتَالِ، ثُمَّ هَذِهِ أُخْرَى قَدْ مَنَعْتُمُونَا الْمَاءَ. فَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ لِلْقَوْمِ: مَاذَا تَرَوْنَ ؟ فَقَالَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ خَلِّ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَهُ، فَلَيْسَ مِنَ النَّصَفِ أَنْ نَكُونَ رَيَّانِينَ وَهُمْ عِطَاشٌ. وَقَالَ الْوَلِيدُ: دَعْهُمْ يَذُوقُوا مِنَ الْعَطَشِ مَا أَذَاقُوا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانَ حِينَ حَصَرُوهُ فِي دَارِهِ وَمَنَعُوهُ طَيِّبَ الْمَاءِ وَالطَّعَامِ أَرْبَعِينَ صَبَاحًا. وَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَرْحٍ: امْنَعْهُمُ الْمَاءَ إِلَى اللَّيْلِ فَلَعَلَّهُمْ يَرْجِعُونَ إِلَى بِلَادِهِمْ. فَسَكَتَ مُعَاوِيَةُ، فَقَالَ لَهُ صَعْصَعَةُ بْنُ صُوحَانَ: مَاذَا جَوَابُكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: سَيَأْتِيكُمْ رَأْيِي بَعْدَ هَذَا. فَلَمَّا رَجَعَ صَعْصَعَةُ فَأَخْبَرَ الْخَبَرَ، رَكِبَتِ الْخَيْلُ وَالرِّجَالُ فَمَا زَالُوا حَتَّى أَزَاحُوهُمْ عَنِ الْمَاءِ وَوَرَدُوهُ قَهْرًا، ثُمَّ اصْطَلَحُوا عَلَى وُرُودِهِ، وَلَا يَمْنَعُ أَحَدٌ أَحَدًا مِنْهُ. دعَوة عَلِيٍّ مُعَاوِيَةَ إِلَى الطَّاعَةِ وَالْجَمَاعَةِ وَأَقَامَ عَلِيٌّ يَوْمَيْنِ لَا يُكَاتِبُ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَلَا يُكَاتِبُهُ مُعَاوِيَةُ، ثُمَّ دَعَا عَلِيٌّ بَشِيرَ بْنَ عَمْرٍو الْأَنْصَارِيَّ، وَسَعِيدَ بْنَ قَيْسٍ الْهَمْدَانِيَّ، وَشَبَثَ بْنَ رِبْعِيٍّ التَّمِيمِيَّ فَقَالَ: ائْتُوا هَذَا الرَّجُلَ فَادْعُوهُ إِلَى الطَّاعَةِ وَالْجَمَاعَةِ، وَاسْمَعُوا مَا يَقُولُ لَكُمْ. فَلَمَّا دَخَلُوا عَلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ قَالَ لَهُ بَشِيرُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو: يَا مُعَاوِيَةُ إِنَّ الدُّنْيَا عَنْكَ زَائِلَةٌ، وَإِنَّكَ رَاجِعٌ إِلَى الْآخِرَةِ، وَاللَّهُ مُحَاسِبُكُ بِعَمَلِكَ، وَمُجَازِيكَ بِمَا قَدَّمَتْ يَدَاكَ، وَإِنِّي أَنْشُدُكَ اللَّهَ أَنْ تَفَرِّقَ جَمَاعَةَ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ، وَأَنْ تَسْفِكَ دِمَاءَهَا بَيْنَهَا. فَقَالَ لَهُ مُعَاوِيَةُ: هَلَّا أَوْصَيْتَ بِذَلِكَ صَاحِبَكُمْ ؟ ! فَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنَّ صَاحِبِي أَحَقُّ هَذِهِ الْبَرِيَّةِ بِالْأَمْرِ فِي فَضْلِهِ وَدِينِهِ وَسَابِقَتِهِ وَقَرَابَتِهِ، وَإِنَّهُ يَدْعُوكَ إِلَى مُبَايَعَتِهِ، فَإِنَّهُ أَسْلَمُ لَكَ فِي دُنْيَاكَ، وَخَيْرٌ لَكَ فِي أُخْرَاكَ. فَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ: وَيُطَلُّ دَمُ عُثْمَانَ ؟ لَا وَاللَّهِ لَا أَفْعَلُ ذَلِكَ أَبَدًا. ثُمَّ أَرَادَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ الْهَمْدَانِيُّ أَنْ يَتَكَلَّمَ، فَبَدَرَهُ شَبَثُ بْنُ رِبْعِيٍّ فَتَكَلَّمَ قَبْلَهُ بِكَلَامٍ فِيهِ غِلْظَةٌ وَجَفَاءٌ فِي حَقِّ مُعَاوِيَةَ، فَزَجَرَهُ مُعَاوِيَةُ وَزَبَرَهُ فِي افْتِيَاتِهِ عَلَى مَنْ هُوَ أَكْبَرُ مِنْهُ وَأَشْرَفُ، وَفِي كَلَامِهِ بِمَا لَا عِلْمَ لَهُ بِهِ، ثُمَّ أَمَرَ بِهِمْ، فَأُخْرِجُوا مِنْ بَيْنِ يَدَيْهِ، وَصَمَّمَ عَلَى الْقِيَامِ بِطَلَبِ دَمِ عُثْمَانَ الَّذِي قُتِلَ مَظْلُومًا. فَعِنْدَ ذَلِكَ نَشِبَتِ الْحَرْبُ بَيْنَهُمْ، وَأَمَرَ عَلِيٌّ بِالطَّلَائِعِ وَالْأُمَرَاءِ أَنْ يَتَقَدَّمُوا لِلْحَرْبِ، وَجَعَلَ عَلِيٌّ يُؤَمِّرُ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ عَلَى الْحَرْبِ أَمِيرًا، فَمِنْ أُمَرَائِهِ عَلَى الْحَرْبِ ; الْأَشْتَرُ النَّخَعِيُّ - وَهُوَ أَكْبَرُ مَنْ كَانَ يَخْرُجُ لِلْحَرْبِ - وَحُجْرُ بْنُ عَدِيٍّ، وَشَبَثُ بْنُ رِبْعِيٍّ، وَخَالِدُ بْنُ الْمُعَمَّرِ، وَزِيَادُ بْنُ النَّضْرِ، وَزِيَادُ بْنُ خَصَفَةَ، وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، وَمَعْقِلُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، وَقَيْسُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ. وَكَذَلِكَ فَعَلَ مُعَاوِيَةُ ; كَانَ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ يَبْعَثُ عَلَى الْحَرْبِ أَمِيرًا، فَمِنْ أُمَرَائِهِ ; عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ، وَأَبُو الْأَعْوَرِ السُّلَمِيُّ، وَحَبِيبُ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ، وَذُو الْكَلَاعِ الْحِمْيَرِيُّ، وَعُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ، ؓ، وَشُرَحْبِيلُ بْنُ السِّمْطِ، وَحَمْزَةُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ الْهَمْدَانِيُّ. وَرُبَّمَا اقْتَتَلَ النَّاسُ فِي الْيَوْمِ مَرَّتَيْنِ، وَذَلِكَ فِي شَهْرِ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ بِكَمَالِهِ.

Translation

✧ A section on the mention of the Battle of Ṣiffīn between the people of Iraq from the companions of ʿAlī and the people of Syria from the companions of Muʿāwiyah. Those who attended Ṣiffīn from the people of Badr From Muḥammad b. Sīrīn that he said: The fitnah arose while the Companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ numbered in the tens of thousands, yet not a hundred of them attended it; rather, they did not reach thirty. And from ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Laylā who said: Seventy men from the people of Badr attended Ṣiffīn. He said: Abū Shaybah lied. By Allah, we discussed this with al-Ḥakam, and we found that none from the people of Badr attended Ṣiffīn except Khuzaymah b. Thābit. It has also been said that Sahl b. Ḥunayf from the people of Badr attended it, and likewise Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī. Our shaykh, the ʿAllāmah Ibn Taymiyyah, said this in his book “Al-Radd ʿalā al-Rāfiḍah.” And Ibn Baṭṭah narrated with his chain from Bukayr b. al-Ashajj that he said: Indeed, men from the people of Badr kept to their houses after the killing of ʿUthmān and did not go out except to their graves. Muʿāwiyah's open opposition to ʿAlī As for ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib ؓ, when he finished the Battle of the Camel and entered Baṣrah and escorted the Mother of the Believers ʿĀʾishah when she wished to return to Makkah, he marched from Baṣrah to Kufah. Ibn Abī al-Kanūd ʿUbayd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUbayd said: ʿAlī entered it on Monday, twelve nights having passed of Rajab, year thirty-six. It was said to him: Alight at the White Palace. He said: No, ʿUmar disliked alighting there, so I dislike it for that reason. He alighted in al-Raḥbah and prayed two rakʿahs in the Great Mosque, then addressed the people, urging them to good and forbidding them from evil, and praising the people of Kufah in this sermon of his. Then he sent to Jarīr b. ʿAbd Allāh—who had been over Hamadhān since the time of ʿUthmān—and to al-Ashʿath b. Qays—who was in charge of the deputy governorship of Adharbayjān from the days of ʿUthmān—commanding them to take the pledge of allegiance for him from those there and then come to him. They did that. ʿAlī sends Jarīr to Muʿāwiyah to take the pledge from him When ʿAlī ؓ wanted to send to Muʿāwiyah ؓ to call him to pledge allegiance to him, Jarīr b. ʿAbd Allāh said: I will go to him, O Commander of the Believers, for between me and him there is affection, and I will take the pledge for you from him. Al-Ashtar said: Do not send him, O Commander of the Believers, for I fear his inclination is with him. ʿAlī said: Leave him. So he sent him and wrote with him a letter to Muʿāwiyah informing him of the gathering of the Muhājirūn and the Anṣār upon pledging allegiance to him, and telling him of what happened in the Battle of the Camel, and calling him to enter into what the people had entered into. ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ's pledge to Muʿāwiyah to fight ʿAlī When Jarīr b. ʿAbd Allāh reached him, he gave him the letter. Muʿāwiyah summoned ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ and the chiefs of the people of Syria and consulted them. They refused to pledge allegiance until he killed the killers of ʿUthmān, or handed over to them the killers of ʿUthmān; and if he did not do so, they would fight him and would not pledge allegiance to him until he killed them all to the last. Jarīr returned to ʿAlī and told him what they said. Al-Ashtar said: Did I not forbid you, O Commander of the Believers, from sending Jarīr? Had you sent me, Muʿāwiyah would not have opened a door but I closed it. Jarīr said to him: Had you been there, they would have killed you for the blood of ʿUthmān. Al-Ashtar said: By Allah, had he sent me, Muʿāwiyah's answer would not have wearied me, and I would have hastened him away from thinking; and had the Commander of the Believers obeyed me concerning you, he would have imprisoned you and your like until the affair of this Ummah was set straight. Jarīr rose in anger and stayed at Qarqīsiyāʾ, and wrote to Muʿāwiyah informing him of what he said and what was said to him. Muʿāwiyah wrote to him commanding him to come to him. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib's march to Ṣiffīn The Commander of the Believers ʿAlī departed from Kufah resolved on entering Syria. He encamped at al-Nukhaylah and appointed as his deputy over Kufah Abū Masʿūd ʿUqbah b. ʿAmr al-Badrī al-Anṣārī. A group had advised him to remain in Kufah and send the armies, while others advised him to go out in person. It reached Muʿāwiyah that ʿAlī had gone out to him in person, so he consulted ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, who said to him: Go out to him yourself as well. ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ stood before the people as a speaker and said: The champions of the people of Kufah and Baṣrah perished on the Day of the Camel, and there remains with ʿAlī only a small remnant of those who killed the Caliph, the Commander of the Believers ʿUthmān. So by Allah, by Allah, concerning your right—do not squander it—and concerning the blood of ʿUthmān, the Caliph of Allah—do not let it go unavenged. He wrote to the armies of Syria and they came. Banners and standards were tied for the commanders, and the people of Syria prepared and readied themselves, and they too went out toward the Euphrates from the direction of Ṣiffīn—where ʿAlī's arrival would be. And ʿAlī ؓ marched with those with him from al-Nukhaylah heading for the land of Syria. Abū Isrāʾīl said, from al-Ḥakam b. ʿUtaybah: In ʿAlī's army there were eighty Badrīs and one hundred and fifty of those who pledged allegiance under the tree. Ibn Dīzīl narrated it. The story of the monk with ʿAlī ؓ On his way he passed by a monk, and of his affair was what Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥusayn b. Dīzīl mentioned in his book, from Ḥabbah al-ʿUranī, who said: When ʿAlī came to al-Raqqah, he alighted at a place called al-Balīkh on the bank of the Euphrates. A monk came down to him from his hermitage and said to ʿAlī: We have a book that we have inherited from our fathers, written by the companions of ʿĪsā b. Maryam, peace be upon them both. Shall I present it to you? ʿAlī said: Yes. The monk read: In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. He who decreed in what He decreed, and wrote in what He wrote, and inscribed in what He inscribed, that He will send among the unlettered people a messenger from among them, teaching them the Book and wisdom, purifying them, and guiding them to the path of Allah—not harsh, nor rough, nor clamorous in the markets; he does not repay evil with evil, but pardons and forgives. His Ummah are the ḥammādūn, those who praise Allah upon every elevation and in every ascent and descent; their tongues are humbled with tahlīl and takbīr. Allah will grant him victory over all who oppose him. When Allah takes him, his Ummah will differ, then unite, and remain so as long as Allah wills, then differ. Then a man from his Ummah will pass by the bank of this Euphrates, commanding good and forbidding evil, judging with truth, and the judgment will not be overturned. The world is lighter to him than ashes—or he said: dust—on a day when the wind blows fiercely, and death is lighter to him than drinking water. He fears Allah in secret and gives sincere counsel in public, and does not fear the blame of any blamer for the sake of Allah. Whoever of the people of the lands meets that prophet and believes in him, his reward will be My good pleasure and Paradise; and whoever meets that righteous servant, let him support him, for being killed with him is martyrdom. Then he said to ʿAlī: I will accompany you and not part from you until what befalls you befalls me. ʿAlī wept and said: Praise be to Allah who has not made me forgotten and forsaken with Him, and praise be to Allah who remembered me with Him in the books of the righteous. The monk went with him and embraced Islam, and was with ʿAlī until he was struck down on the day of Ṣiffīn. When the people went out to bury their dead, ʿAlī said: Look for the monk. When they found him, he prayed over him, buried him, and sought forgiveness for him. The march of ʿAlī's army ؓ and the events of the battle ʿAlī had sent ahead of him Ziyād b. al-Naḍr al-Ḥārithī as a vanguard with eight thousand, and with him Shurayḥ b. Hāniʾ with four thousand. They marched on a road ahead of him other than his road. ʿAlī came and crossed the Tigris from the bridge of Manbij, and the two vanguards marched on. It reached them that Muʿāwiyah had ridden with the people of Syria to meet ʿAlī, so they resolved to meet him, but feared their small number relative to him. They turned from their road and came to cross from ʿĀnāt, but the people of ʿĀnāt prevented them. They marched on and crossed from Hīt, then caught up with ʿAlī—who had preceded them. ʿAlī said: My vanguard comes from behind me! They excused themselves for what had happened to them, and he accepted their excuse. Then he sent them ahead of him toward Muʿāwiyah after he crossed the Euphrates. Abū al-Aʿwar ʿAmr b. Sufyān al-Sulamī met them in the vanguard of the people of Syria. They faced each other, and Ziyād b. al-Naḍr, the commander of the vanguard of the people of Iraq, called them to pledge allegiance to ʿAlī, but they did not answer him at all. He wrote to ʿAlī about that, and ʿAlī sent al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī to them as commander, with Ziyād b. al-Naḍr over his right wing and Shurayḥ over his left wing. He commanded him not to advance against the people of Syria with fighting until they first began the fighting, but to call them to the pledge again and again. If they refused, he was not to fight them until they fought him, and not to draw near them as one who desires war draws near, nor to keep far from them as one who fears men keeps far, but to be patient with them until I come to you, for I am hastening behind you, if Allah wills. He sent with him the letter of command over the vanguard with al-Ḥārith b. Jumhān al-Juʿfī. When al-Ashtar came to the vanguard, he complied with what ʿAlī had commanded him. He and the vanguard of Muʿāwiyah, over which was Abū al-Aʿwar, faced each other all that day. At the end of the day, Abū al-Aʿwar al-Sulamī charged them, and they stood firm against him, and they clashed for a while. Then the people of Syria withdrew at evening. The next day they faced each other again and endured patiently. Al-Ashtar charged and killed ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Mundhir al-Tanūkhī—who was one of the horsemen of the people of Syria—killed by a man from the people of Iraq called Ẓabyān b. ʿUmārah al-Tamīmī. Then Abū al-Aʿwar charged them with those with him and advanced against them. Al-Ashtar sought from Abū al-Aʿwar to duel him, but Abū al-Aʿwar did not respond to that—it was as if he saw him as not his equal in that—and Allah knows best. Then the people drew apart from fighting at the approach of night on the second day. On the morning of the third day, ʿAlī ؓ came with his armies, and Muʿāwiyah ؓ came with his troops, and the two parties faced each other, the two hosts confronted one another—and from Allah is the help sought. They stood facing each other for a long time, at a place called Ṣiffīn, in the first days of Dhū al-Ḥijjah. Then ʿAlī ؓ turned aside and sought a camping place for his army. Muʿāwiyah had preceded with his army and they had alighted at the watering place in the most level and spacious spot. When ʿAlī came, he alighted far from the water. The swift ones of the people of Iraq came to drink from the water, but the people of Syria prevented them, and fighting broke out between them because of that. Muʿāwiyah had entrusted the watering place to Abū al-Aʿwar al-Sulamī, and there was no other watering place than it. The companions of ʿAlī suffered severe thirst. ʿAlī sent al-Ashʿath b. Qays al-Kindī with a group to reach the water, but those prevented them and said: Die of thirst as you prevented ʿUthmān from water. They shot arrows at each other for a while, then thrust with spears for another while, then fought with swords after all that. Each party reinforced its companions until al-Ashtar came from the direction of the Iraqis and ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ came from the direction of the Syrians, and the battle intensified more than before. A man from the people of Iraq—ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAwf b. al-Aḥmar al-Azdī—said while fighting: Leave for us the flowing water of the Euphrates, or stand firm against a mighty host, For every stalwart, death-defying champion, Thrusting with his spear, attacking again and again, Striking the heads of the enemy, a raider. The people of Iraq did not cease driving the Syrians from the water until they dislodged them from it and left the way open between them and it. Then they made peace over drinking, until they were crowding at that watering place, no one speaking to anyone, and no one harming another. In another narration, when Muʿāwiyah commanded Abū al-Aʿwar to guard the watering place, he stood before it with spears raised, swords drawn, arrows fitted, and bows strung. The companions of ʿAlī came to ʿAlī and complained of that to him. He sent Ṣaʿṣaʿah b. Ṣūḥān to Muʿāwiyah to say to him: We came refraining from fighting you until we establish the proof against you, but you sent your vanguard to us and they fought us before we began fighting you. Then this is another matter: you have prevented us from the water. Muʿāwiyah said to the people: What do you think? ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ said: Leave the way between them and it, for it is not fair that we be quenched while they are thirsty. Al-Walīd said: Let them taste of thirst what they made the Commander of the Believers ʿUthmān taste when they besieged him in his house and prevented him from good water and food for forty mornings. ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd b. Abī Sarḥ said: Prevent them from the water until night, perhaps they will return to their lands. Muʿāwiyah was silent. Ṣaʿṣaʿah b. Ṣūḥān said to him: What is your answer? He said: My opinion will come to you after this. When Ṣaʿṣaʿah returned and reported the news, the cavalry and the men rode, and they did not cease until they dislodged them from the water and reached it by force. Then they made peace over drinking it, and no one prevented anyone from it. ʿAlī's call to Muʿāwiyah to obedience and unity ʿAlī stayed for two days without corresponding with Muʿāwiyah, nor Muʿāwiyah with him. Then ʿAlī summoned Bashīr b. ʿAmr al-Anṣārī, Saʿīd b. Qays al-Hamdānī, and Shabath b. Ribʿī al-Tamīmī and said: Go to this man and call him to obedience and unity, and listen to what he says to you. When they entered upon Muʿāwiyah, Bashīr b. ʿAmr said to him: O Muʿāwiyah, the world is passing away from you, and you will return to the Hereafter. Allah will call you to account for your deeds and recompense you for what your hands have sent forth. I adjure you by Allah not to divide the unity of this Ummah and not to shed its blood among itself. Muʿāwiyah said to him: Why did you not enjoin that upon your companion? He said to him: My companion is more deserving of this creation's affair in his excellence, his religion, his precedence, and his kinship. He calls you to pledge allegiance to him, for it is safer for you in your worldly life and better for you in your Hereafter. Muʿāwiyah said: And the blood of ʿUthmān is to go unavenged? No, by Allah, I will never do that. Then Saʿīd b. Qays al-Hamdānī wanted to speak, but Shabath b. Ribʿī forestalled him and spoke before him with words containing harshness and rudeness against Muʿāwiyah. Muʿāwiyah rebuked him and scolded him for his presumption toward one older and nobler than him, and for speaking of what he had no knowledge of. Then he ordered them to be taken out from before him, and he resolved firmly to pursue the blood of ʿUthmān, who was killed unjustly. At that point, the war became engaged between them. ʿAlī commanded the vanguards and the commanders to advance for battle, and ʿAlī appointed a commander over the war every day. Among his commanders over the war were: al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī—and he was the greatest of those who went out to battle—Ḥujr b. ʿAdī, Shabath b. Ribʿī, Khālid b. al-Muʿammar, Ziyād b. al-Naḍr, Ziyād b. Khaṣafah, Saʿīd b. Qays, Maʿqil b. Qays, and Qays b. Saʿd. Likewise, Muʿāwiyah did the same; every day he sent a commander over the war. Among his commanders were: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Khālid b. al-Walīd, Abū al-Aʿwar al-Sulamī, Ḥabīb b. Maslamah, Dhū al-Kalāʿ al-Ḥimyarī, ʿUbayd Allāh b. ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, ؓ, Shuraḥbīl b. al-Simṭ, and Ḥamzah b. Mālik al-Hamdānī. The people sometimes fought twice in a day, and that was during the entire month of Dhū al-Ḥijjah.

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