Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2034
The Caliphate of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān
وَقَدْ وَرَدَتْ أَحَادِيثُ كَثِيرَةٌ فِي فَضْلِ عُثْمَانَ، ؓ، نَذْكُرُ مَا تَيَسَّرَ مِنْهَا إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى، وَبِهِ الثِّقَةُ ; وَهِيَ قِسْمَانِ: الْأَوَّلُ: فِيمَا وَرَدَ فِي فَضَائِلِهِ مَعَ غَيْرِهِ فَمِنْ ذَلِكَ: الْحَدِيثُ الَّذِي رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي " صَحِيحِهِ " بسنده عَنْ قَتَادَةَ أَنَّ أَنَسًا حَدَّثَهُمْ قَالَ: صَعِدَ النَّبِيُّ، ﷺ، أُحُدًا وَمَعَهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ وَعُثْمَانُ فَرَجَفَ، فَقَالَ: " اسْكُنْ أُحُدُ - أَظُنُّهُ ضَرَبَهُ بِرِجْلِهِ - فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْكَ إِلَّا نَبِيٌّ وَصِدِّيقٌ وَشَهِيدَانِ " تَفَرَّدَ بِهِ دُونَ مُسْلِمٍ. حَدِيثٌ آخَرُ: وَهُوَ مَا ثَبَتَ فِي " الصَّحِيحَيْنِ " مِنْ حَدِيثِ أَبِي عُثْمَانَ النَّهْدِيِّ، عَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيِّ قَالَ: كُنْتُ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، فِي حَائِطٍ، فَأَمَرَنِي بِحِفْظِ الْبَابِ، فَجَاءَ رَجُلٌ يَسْتَأْذِنُ، فَقُلْتُ: مَنْ هَذَا ؟ قَالَ: أَبُو بَكْرٍ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ: " ائْذَنْ لَهُ وَبَشِّرْهُ بِالْجَنَّةِ ". ثُمَّ جَاءَ عُمَرُ فَقَالَ: " ائْذَنْ لَهُ وَبَشِّرْهُ بِالْجَنَّةِ ". ثُمَّ جَاءَ عُثْمَانُ فَقَالَ: " ائْذَنْ لَهُ وَبَشِّرْهُ بِالْجَنَّةِ عَلَى بَلْوَى تُصِيبُهُ ". فَدَخَلَ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ صَبْرًا. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: اللَّهُ الْمُسْتَعَانُ. وَزَادَ عَاصِمٌ: أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، كَانَ قَاعِدًا فِي مَكَانٍ فِيهِ مَاءٌ قَدِ انْكَشَفَ عَنْ رُكْبَتَيْهِ، أَوْ رُكْبَتِهِ، فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ عُثْمَانُ غَطَّاهَا. وَهُوَ فِي " الصَّحِيحَيْنِ " أَيْضًا، مِنْ حَدِيثِ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ عَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى وَفِيهِ: أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرَ دَلَّيَا أَرْجُلَهُمَا مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ فِي بَابِ الْقُفِّ وَهُوَ فِي الْبِئْرِ، وَجَاءَ عُثْمَانُ فَلَمْ يَجِدْ لَهُ مَوْضِعًا فَجَلَسَ نَاحِيَةً. قَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْمُسَيَّبِ فَأَوَّلْتُ ذَلِكَ قُبُورَهُمُ ; اجْتَمَعَتْ وَانْفَرَدَ عُثْمَانُ. حَدِيثٌ آخَرٌ: عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ أَنَّ سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْعَاصِ أَخْبَرَهُ أَنَّ عَائِشَةَ زَوْجَ النَّبِيِّ، ﷺ، وَعُثْمَانَ حَدَّثَاهُ، أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ اسْتَأْذَنَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ، ﷺ، وَهُوَ مُضْطَجِعٌ عَلَى فِرَاشِهِ لَابِسٌ مِرْطَ عَائِشَةَ، فَأَذِنَ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ وَهُوَ كَذَلِكَ، فَقَضَى إِلَيْهِ حَاجَتَهُ، ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ، فَاسْتَأْذَنَ عُمَرُ فَأَذِنَ لَهُ وَهُوَ عَلَى تِلْكَ الْحَالَةِ، فَقَضَى إِلَيْهِ حَاجَتَهُ ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ، قَالَ عُثْمَانُ: ثُمَّ اسْتَأْذَنْتُ عَلَيْهِ، فَجَلَسَ وَقَالَ: " اجْمَعِي عَلَيْكِ ثِيَابَكِ ". فَقَضَيْتُ إِلَيْهِ حَاجَتِي ثُمَّ انْصَرَفْتُ. فَقَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مَالِي لَا أَرَاكَ فَزِعْتَ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرَ كَمَا فَزِعْتَ لِعُثْمَانَ ؟ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ: إِنَّ عُثْمَانَ رَجُلٌ حَيِيٌّ، وَإِنِّي خَشِيتُ إِنْ أَذِنْتُ لَهُ عَلَى تِلْكَ الْحَالَةِ لَا يُبْلِغُ إِلَيَّ حَاجَتَهُ. قَالَ اللَّيْثُ: وَقَالَ جَمَاعَةُ النَّاسِ: إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، قَالَ لِعَائِشَةَ: أَلَا أَسْتَحِي مِمَّنْ تَسْتَحِي مِنْهُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ !. حَدِيثٌ آخَرُ: قَالَ الْإِمَامُ وعَنْ أَنَسٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، أَرْحَمُ أُمَّتِي أَبُو بَكْرٍ، وَأَشَدُّهَا فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ عُمَرُ، وَأَشَدُّهَا حَيَاءً عُثْمَانُ، وَأَعْلَمُهَا بِالْحَلَالِ وَالْحَرَامِ مُعَاذُ بْنُ جَبَلٍ، وَأَقْرَؤُهَا لِكِتَابِ اللَّهِ أُبَيٌّ، وَأَعْلَمُهَا بِالْفَرَائِضِ زَيْدُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ، وَلِكُلِّ أُمَّةٍ أَمِينٌ، وَأَمِينُ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ بْنُ الْجَرَّاحِ. حَدِيثٌ آخَرُ: عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ أَنَّهُ كَانَ يُحَدِّثُ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، قَالَ: ( أُرِيَ اللَّيْلَةَ رَجُلٌ صَالِحٌ أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ نِيطَ بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، وَنِيطَ عُمَرُ بِأَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَنِيطَ عُثْمَانُ بِعُمَرَ. قَالَ جَابِرٌ: فَلَمَّا قُمْنَا مِنْ عِنْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، قُلْنَا: أَمَّا الرَّجُلُ الصَّالِحُ فَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، وَأَمَّا مَا ذَكَرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، مِنْ نَوْطِ بَعْضِهِمْ لِبَعْضٍ فَهُمْ وُلَاةُ هَذَا الْأَمْرِ الَّذِي بَعَثَ اللَّهُ بِهِ نَبِيَّهُ، ﷺ. حَدِيثٌ آخَرُ: عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ: خَرَجَ عَلَيْنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، ذَاتَ غَدَاةٍ بَعْدَ طُلُوعِ الشَّمْسِ فَقَالَ: رَأَيْتُ قُبَيْلَ الْفَجْرِ كَأَنِّي أُعْطِيتُ الْمَقَالِيدَ وَالْمَوَازِينَ، فَأَمَّا الْمَقَالِيدُ فَهَذِهِ الْمَفَاتِيحُ، وَأَمَّا الْمَوَازِينُ فَهِيَ الَّتِي تَزِنُونَ بِهَا، فَوُضِعْتُ فِي كِفَّةٍ، وَوُضِعَتْ أُمَّتِي فِي كِفَّةٍ، فَوُزِنْتُ بِهِمْ فَرَجَحْتُ، ثُمَّ جِيءَ بِأَبِي بَكْرٍ فَوُزِنَ بِهِمْ فَوَزَنَ، ثُمَّ جِيءَ بِعُمَرَ فَوُزِنَ فَوَزَنَ، ثُمَّ جِيءَ بِعُثْمَانَ فَوَزَنَ بِهِمْ، ثُمَّ رُفِعَتْ تَفَرَّدَ بِهِ أَحْمَدُ. حَدِيثٌ آخَرُ: عَنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَتْ: لَمَّا أَسَّسَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، مَسْجِدَ الْمَدِينَةِ جَاءَ بِحَجَرٍ فَوَضَعَهُ، وَجَاءَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ بِحَجَرٍ فَوَضَعَهُ، وَجَاءَ عُمَرُ بِحَجَرٍ فَوَضَعَهُ، وَجَاءَ عُثْمَانُ بِحَجَرٍ فَوَضَعَهُ، قَالَتْ: فَسُئِلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، عَنْ ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ: هَذَا أَمْرُ الْخِلَافَةِ مِنْ بَعْدِي وعَنْ أَبِي ذَرٍّ فِي تَسْبِيحِ الْحَصَا فِي يَدِهِ عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ، ثُمَّ فِي كَفِّ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، ثُمَّ فِي كَفِّ عُمَرَ، ثُمَّ فِي كَفِّ عُثْمَانَ، ؓ. وَفِي بَعْضِ الرِّوَايَاتِ: فَقَالَ: رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ: هَذِهِ خِلَافَةُ النُّبُوَّةِ وَسَيَأْتِي حَدِيثُ سَفِينَةَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، قَالَ: الْخِلَافَةُ بَعْدِي ثَلَاثُونَ سَنَةً ثُمَّ تَكُونُ مُلْكًا فَكَانَتْ وِلَايَةُ عُثْمَانَ، وَمُدَّتُهَا ثِنْتَيْ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً، مِنْ جُمْلَةِ هَذِهِ الثَّلَاثِينَ بِلَا خِلَافٍ بَيْنِ الْعُلَمَاءِ الْعَامِلِينَ، كَمَا أَخْبَرَ بِهِ سَيِّدُ الْمُرْسَلِينَ، ﷺ، وَعَلَى آلِهِ وَصَحْبِهِ أَجْمَعِينَ. حَدِيثٌ آخَرُ: وَهُوَ مَا رُوِيَ مِنْ طُرُقٍ مُتَعَدِّدَةٍ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، أَنَّهُ شَهِدَ لِلْعَشَرَةِ بِالْجَنَّةِ، وَعُثْمَانُ مِنْهُمْ بِنَصِّ النَّبِيِّ، ﷺ، عَلَى ذَلِكَ. حَدِيثٌ آخَرُ: عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ: كُنَّا فِي زَمَنِ النَّبِيِّ، ﷺ، لَا نَعْدِلُ بِأَبِي بَكْرٍ أَحَدًا، ثُمَّ عُمَرَ، ثُمَّ عُثْمَانَ، ثُمَّ نَتْرُكُ أَصْحَابَ النَّبِيِّ، ﷺ، لَا نُفَاضِلُ بَيْنَهُمْ. طَرِيقٌ أُخْرَى عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، ؓ: قَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: بسنده عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ: كُنَّا نَعُدُّ وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، حَيٌّ وَأَصْحَابُهُ مُتَوَافِرُونَ ; أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ وَعُثْمَانُ، ثُمَّ نَسْكُتُ.
Translation
✧ Many ḥadīths have come down concerning the merit of ʿUthmān, ؓ. We shall mention what is easy of them, if God Almighty wills, and upon Him is reliance. They are of two kinds: the first concerning what has come down about his merits along with others. Of that is the ḥadīth that al-Bukhārī related in his “Ṣaḥīḥ” with his chain of transmission from Qatādah that Anas narrated to them, saying: The Prophet ﷺ climbed Uḥud with Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, and ʿUthmān, and it trembled, so he said: “Be still, Uḥud—I think he struck it with his foot—for upon you are only a prophet, a ṣiddīq, and two martyrs.” Al-Bukhārī alone transmitted it, not Muslim. Another ḥadīth: That which is established in the two “Ṣaḥīḥs” from the ḥadīth of Abū ʿUthmān al-Nahdī, from Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī, who said: I was with the Messenger of God ﷺ in a garden, and he ordered me to guard the gate. A man came asking permission, and I said: Who is this? He said: Abū Bakr. The Messenger of God ﷺ said: “Give him permission and give him the glad tidings of Paradise.” Then ʿUmar came, and he said: “Give him permission and give him the glad tidings of Paradise.” Then ʿUthmān came, and he said: “Give him permission and give him the glad tidings of Paradise with an affliction that will befall him.” He entered saying: O God, grant me patience. In another narration: God is the one whose help is sought. ʿĀṣim added that the Messenger of God ﷺ was seated in a place with water, his knees or knee uncovered, and when ʿUthmān entered he covered them. It is also in the two “Ṣaḥīḥs” from the ḥadīth of Saʿīd b. al-Musayyab from Abū Mūsā, in which it says that Abū Bakr and ʿUmar let down their legs with the Messenger of God at the edge of the hollow, which is in the well, and ʿUthmān came and found no place, so he sat to one side. Saʿīd b. al-Musayyab said: I interpreted that as their graves: they were gathered together, and ʿUthmān was set apart. Another ḥadīth: From Yaḥyā b. Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ that Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ informed him that ʿĀʾishah, the wife of the Prophet ﷺ, and ʿUthmān narrated to him that Abū Bakr asked permission to enter upon the Prophet ﷺ while he was lying on his bed wearing ʿĀʾishah’s cloak, and he gave permission to Abū Bakr while he was thus, and he fulfilled his need and left. Then ʿUmar asked permission, and he gave him permission while he was in that state, and he fulfilled his need and left. ʿUthmān said: Then I asked permission to enter upon him, and he sat up and said: “Gather your garments about yourself.” So I fulfilled my need and left. ʿĀʾishah said: O Messenger of God, why do I not see you alarmed for Abū Bakr and ʿUmar as you were alarmed for ʿUthmān? The Messenger of God ﷺ said: ʿUthmān is a shy man, and I feared that if I gave him permission while in that state he would not convey his need to me. Al-Layth said: And a group of people said that the Messenger of God ﷺ said to ʿĀʾishah: Should I not feel shy before one of whom the angels are shy? Another ḥadīth: The imam said, and from Anas, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: The most merciful of my community is Abū Bakr, the firmest of them in the religion of God is ʿUmar, the most modest of them is ʿUthmān, the most learned of them in the lawful and the unlawful is Muʿādh b. Jabal, the best reciter of them of the Book of God is Ubayy, the most learned of them in the obligatory shares is Zayd b. Thābit, and every community has a trustee, and the trustee of this community is Abū ʿUbaydah b. al-Jarrāḥ. Another ḥadīth: From Jābir b. ʿAbdallāh that he used to narrate that the Messenger of God ﷺ said: “A righteous man was shown this night that Abū Bakr was attached to the Messenger of God ﷺ, and ʿUmar was attached to Abū Bakr, and ʿUthmān was attached to ʿUmar.” Jābir said: When we arose from the Messenger of God ﷺ, we said: As for the righteous man, he is the Messenger of God ﷺ, and as for what the Messenger of God ﷺ mentioned of their being attached to one another, they are the holders of authority in this affair with which God sent His Prophet ﷺ. Another ḥadīth: From Ibn ʿUmar, who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ came out to us one morning after sunrise and said: I saw shortly before dawn as if I were given the keys and the scales. As for the keys, these are the keys; as for the scales, they are those with which you weigh. I was placed in one pan, and my community was placed in the other pan, and I was weighed against them, and I outweighed them. Then Abū Bakr was brought and weighed against them, and he weighed equally. Then ʿUmar was brought and weighed, and he weighed equally. Then ʿUthmān was brought and weighed against them, then they were raised. Aḥmad alone transmitted it. Another ḥadīth: From ʿĀʾishah, who said: When the Messenger of God ﷺ laid the foundation of the mosque of al-Madīnah, he came with a stone and placed it, and Abū Bakr came with a stone and placed it, and ʿUmar came with a stone and placed it, and ʿUthmān came with a stone and placed it. She said: The Messenger of God ﷺ was asked about that, and he said: This is the matter of the caliphate after me. And from Abū Dharr concerning the glorification of the pebbles in his hand, upon him be prayer and peace, then in the palm of Abū Bakr, then in the palm of ʿUmar, then in the palm of ʿUthmān, ؓ. And in some narrations: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: This is the caliphate of prophethood. The ḥadīth of Safīnah will come later, that the Messenger of God ﷺ said: The caliphate after me is thirty years, then it will be kingship. The term of ʿUthmān, whose duration was twelve years, was part of these thirty years without disagreement among the knowledgeable scholars, as the master of the messengers ﷺ informed, and upon his family and all his companions. Another ḥadīth: That which is related through multiple chains from the Messenger of God ﷺ that he bore witness to the ten being in Paradise, and ʿUthmān is among them by the explicit statement of the Prophet ﷺ to that effect. Another ḥadīth: From Ibn ʿUmar, who said: In the time of the Prophet ﷺ, we did not compare anyone to Abū Bakr, then ʿUmar, then ʿUthmān, then we would leave the companions of the Prophet ﷺ and not prefer one over another among them. Another route from Ibn ʿUmar, ؓ: Imam Aḥmad said with his chain of transmission from Ibn ʿUmar, who said: We used to count, while the Messenger of God ﷺ was alive and his companions were numerous: Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, and ʿUthmān, then we would fall silent.
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