Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1978
The Caliphate of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān
عَزَلَ عُثْمَانُ الْمُغِيرَةَ بْنَ شُعْبَةَ عَنِ الْكُوفَةِ وَوَلَّى عَلَيْهَا سَعْدَ بْنَ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ: وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ عَزَلَ عُثْمَانُ الْمُغِيرَةَ بْنَ شُعْبَةَ عَنِ الْكُوفَةِ، وَوَلَّى عَلَيْهَا سَعْدَ بْنَ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ عَامِلٍ وَلَّاهُ؛ لِأَنَّ عُمَرَ قَالَ: فَإِنْ أَصَابَتِ الْإِمْرَةُ سَعْدًا فَذَاكَ، وَإِلَّا فَلْيَسْتَعِنْ بِهِ أَيُّكُمْ وَلِيَ، فَإِنِّي لَمْ أَعْزِلْهُ عَنْ عَجْزٍ وَلَا خِيَانَةٍ. فَاسْتَعْمَلَ سَعْدًا عَلَيْهَا سَنَةً وَبَعْضَ أُخْرَى. وَقَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ فِيمَا ذَكَرَهُ عَنْ أُسَامَةَ بْنِ زَيْدِ بْنِ أَسْلَمَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَنَّ عُمَرَ أَوْصَى أَنْ تُقَرَّ عُمَّالُهُ سَنَةً، فَلَمَّا وَلِيَ عُثْمَانُ أَقَرَّ الْمُغِيرَةَ بْنَ شُعْبَةَ عَلَى الْكُوفَةِ سَنَةً، ثُمَّ عَزَلَهُ، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ سَعْدًا، ثُمَّ عَزَلَهُ وَوَلَّى الْوَلِيدَ بْنَ عُقْبَةَ بْنِ أَبِي مُعَيْطٍ. قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ: فَعَلَى مَا ذَكَرَهُ الْوَاقِدِيُّ تَكُونُ وِلَايَةُ سَعْدٍ عَلَى الْكُوفَةِ سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ وَعِشْرِينَ. وَسَبَبُ ذَلِكَ -يعني عزل سعد - أَنَّ سَعْدًا اقْتَرَضَ مِنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ مِنْ بَيْتِ الْمَالِ قَرْضًا، فَلَمَّا تَقَاضَاهُ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ لَمْ يَتَيَسَّرْ لَهُ قَضَاؤُهُ فَارْتَفَعَ بَيْنَهُمَا الْكَلَامُ، فَقَالَ لَهُ سَعْدٌ: مَا أَرَاكَ إِلَّا سَتَلْقَى شَرًّا، هَلْ أَنْتَ إِلَّا ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ عَبْدٌ مِنْ هُذَيْلٍ ؟ فَقَالَ: أَجَلْ وَاللَّهِ إِنِّي لَابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ وَإِنَّكَ لَابْنُ حُمَيْنَةَ. وَكَانَ هَاشِمُ بْنُ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ حَاضِرًا فَقَالَ: إِنَّكُمَا لَصَاحِبَا رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، يَنْظُرُ إِلَيْكُمَا. فَرَفَعَ سَعْدٌ يَدَهُ لِيَدْعُوَ عَلَى ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ، وَكَانَ فِيهِ حِدَّةٌ، فَقَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ. فَقَالَ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ: وَيْلَكَ قُلْ خَيْرًا وَلَا تَلْعَنْ. فَقَالَ سَعْدٌ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ: أَمَا وَاللَّهِ لَوْلَا اتِّقَاءُ اللَّهِ لَدَعَوْتُ عَلَيْكَ دَعْوَةً لَا تُخْطِئُكَ. فَوَلَّى عَبْدُ اللَّهِ سَرِيعًا حَتَّى خَرَجَ، ثُمَّ اسْتَعَانَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بِأُنَاسٍ عَلَى اسْتِخْرَاجِ الْمَالِ، وَاسْتَعَانَ سَعْدٌ بِأُنَاسٍ عَلَى إِنْظَارِهِ، فَافْتَرَقُوا وَبَعْضُهُمْ يَلُومُ بَعْضًا، يَلُومُ هَؤُلَاءِ سَعْدًا وَهَؤُلَاءِ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ، فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ مَا نُزِغَ بِهِ بَيْنَ أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ، وَأَوَّلَ مِصْرٍ نَزَغَ الشَّيْطَانُ بَيْنَ أَهْلِهِ. وَبَلَغَ الْخَبَرُ عُثْمَانَ فَغَضِبَ عَلَيْهِمَا فَعَزَلَ سَعْدًا وَأَقَرَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ الْوَلِيدَ بْنَ عُقْبَةَ بْنِ أَبِي مُعَيْطٍ مَكَانَ سَعْدٍ، وَكَانَ عَلَى عَرَبِ الْجَزِيرَةِ عَامِلًا لِعُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ، وَعُثْمَانَ بْنِ عَفَّانَ بَعْدَهُ، فَقَدِمَ الْكُوفَةَ وَالِيًا عَلَيْهَا، ( وَأَقَامَ عَلَيْهَا خَمْسَ سِنِينَ، وَهُوَ مِنْ أَحَبِّ النَّاسِ إِلَى أَهْلِهَا ). فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ قَالَ لَهُ سَعْدٌ: أَكِسْتَ بَعْدَنَا أَمْ حَمُقْنَا بَعْدَكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: لَا تَجْزَعَنَّ يَا أَبَا إِسْحَاقَ، كُلُّ ذَلِكَ لَمْ يَكُنْ، وَإِنَّمَا هُوَ الْمُلْكُ يَتَغَدَّاهُ قَوْمٌ وَيَتَعَشَّاهُ آخَرُونَ. فَقَالَ سَعْدٌ: أَرَاكُمْ جَعَلْتُمُوهَا مُلْكًا ! وَقَالَ لَهُ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ: مَا أَدْرِي أَصَلُحَتْ بَعْدَنَا أَمْ فَسَدَ النَّاسُ ! غزو الوليد بن عقبة أذربيجان وأرمينية قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ: وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ - أَعْنِي سَنَةَ أَرْبَعٍ وَعِشْرِينَ - غَزَا الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ عُقْبَةَ أَذْرَبِيجَانَ وَأَرْمِينِيَّةَ حِينَ مَنَعَ أَهْلُهَا مَا كَانُوا صَالَحُوا عَلَيْهِ فِي أَيَّامِ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ، وَهَذَا فِي رِوَايَةِ أَبِي مِخْنَفٍ. وَأَمَّا فِي رِوَايَةِ غَيْرِهِ، فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ كَانَ فِي سَنَةِ سِتٍّ وَعِشْرِينَ. ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ هَاهُنَا هَذِهِ الْوَقْعَةَ، وَمُلَخَّصُهَا أَنَّ الْوَلِيدَ بْنَ عُقْبَةَ سَارَ بِجَيْشِ الْكُوفَةِ نَحْوَ أَذْرَبِيجَانَ وَأَرْمِينِيَةَ حِينَ نَقَضُوا الْعَهْدَ فَوَطِئَ بِلَادَهُمْ، وَأَغَارَ بِأَرَاضِي تِلْكَ النَّاحِيَةِ، فَغَنِمَ وَسَبَى، وَأَخَذَ أَمْوَالًا جَزِيلَةً، فَلَمَّا أَيْقَنُوا بِالْهِلْكَةِ صَالَحَهُ أَهْلُهَا عَلَى مَا كَانُوا صَالَحُوا عَلَيْهِ حُذَيْفَةَ بْنَ الْيَمَانِ؛ ثَمَانِمِائَةِ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ فِي كُلِّ سَنَةٍ، فَقَبَضَ مِنْهُمْ جِزْيَةَ سَنَةٍ، ثُمَّ رَجَعَ سَالِمًا غَانِمًا إِلَى الْكُوفَةِ، فَمَرَّ بِالْمَوْصِلِ، وَجَاءَهُ كِتَابُ عُثْمَانَ وَهُوَ بِهَا يَأْمُرُهُ أَنْ يُمِدَّ أَهْلَ الشَّامِ عَلَى حَرْبِ أَهْلِ الرُّومِ. بعث عثمان إلى الشام لمحاربة الروم قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ: وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ جَاشَتِ الرُّومُ حَتَّى خَافَ أَهْلُ الشَّامِ وَبَعَثُوا إِلَى عُثْمَانَ، ؓ، يَسْتَمِدُّونَهُ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَى الْوَلِيدِ بْنِ عُقْبَةَ؛ أَنْ إِذَا جَاءَكَ كِتَابِي هَذَا، فَابْعَثْ رَجُلًا أَمِينًا كَرِيمًا شُجَاعًا قِي ثَمَانِيَةِ آلَافٍ أَوْ تِسْعَةِ آلَافٍ أَوْ عَشَرَةِ آلَافٍ إِلَى إِخْوَانِكُمْ بِالشَّامِ. فَقَامَ الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ عُقْبَةَ فِي النَّاسِ خَطِيبًا حِينَ وَصَلَ إِلَيْهِ كِتَابُ عُثْمَانَ، فَأَخْبَرَهُمْ بِمَا أَمَرَهُ بِهِ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَنَدَبَ النَّاسَ، وَحَثَّهُمْ عَلَى الْجِهَادِ وَمُعَاوَنَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَأَهْلِ الشَّامِ، وَأَمَّرَ سَلْمَانَ بْنَ رَبِيعَةَ عَلَى النَّاسِ الَّذِينَ يَخْرُجُونَ إِلَى الشَّامِ، فَانْتَدَبَ فِي ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ ثَمَانِيَةُ آلَافٍ، فَبَعَثَهُمْ إِلَى الشَّامِ، وَعَلَى جُنْدِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ حَبِيبُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ الْفِهْرِيُّ. فَلَمَّا اجْتَمَعَ الْجَيْشَانِ شَنُّوا الْغَارَاتِ عَلَى بِلَادِ الرُّومِ، فَغَنِمُوا وَسَبَوْا سَبْيًا كَثِيرًا، وَفَتَحُوا حُصُونًا كَثِيرَةً. وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ. وَزَعَمَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ أَنَّ الَّذِي أَمَدَّ أَهْلَ الشَّامِ بِسَلْمَانَ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ إِنَّمَا هُوَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْعَاصِ؛ عَنْ كِتَابِ عُثْمَانَ، ؓ، فَبَعَثَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْعَاصِ سَلْمَانَ بْنَ رَبِيعَةَ بِسِتَّةِ آلَافِ فَارِسٍ حَتَّى انْتَهَى إِلَى حَبِيبِ بْنِ مَسْلَمَةَ وَقَدْ أَقْبَلَ إِلَيْهِ الْمَوْرِيَانُ الرُّومِيُّ فِي ثَمَانِينَ أَلْفًا مِنَ الرُّومِ وَالتُّرْكِ، وَكَانَ حَبِيبُ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ شُجَاعًا شَهْمًا، فَعَزَمَ عَلَى أَنْ يُبَيِّتَ جَيْشَ الرُّومِ، فَسَمِعَتْهُ امْرَأَتُهُ يَقُولُ لِلْأُمَرَاءِ ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَتْ لَهُ: فَأَيْنَ مَوْعِدِي مَعَكَ. تَعْنِي أَيْنَ أَجْتَمِعُ بِكَ غَدًا ؟ فَقَالَ لَهَا: مَوْعِدُكِ سُرَادِقُ مَوْرِيَانَ أَوِ الْجَنَّةُ. ثُمَّ نَهَضَ إِلَيْهِمْ فِي اللَّيْلِ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَقَتَلَ مَنْ أَشْرَفَ لَهُ، وَسَبَقَتْهُ امْرَأَتُهُ إِلَى سُرَادِقِ مَوْرِيَانَ، فَكَانَتْ أَوَّلَ امْرَأَةٍ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ ضُرِبَ عَلَيْهَا سُرَادِقُ، وَقَدْ مَاتَ عَنْهَا حَبِيبُ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، فَخَلَفَ عَلَيْهَا بَعْدَهُ الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ الْفِهْرِيُّ؛ فَهِيَ أُمُّ وَلَدِهِ. من حج في هذه السنة قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ: وَاخْتُلِفَ فِي مَنْ حَجَّ بِالنَّاسِ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ؛ فَقَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ وَأَبُو مَعْشَرٍ: حَجَّ بِهِمْ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ بِأَمْرِ عُثْمَانَ. وَقَالَ آخَرُونَ: حَجَّ بِالنَّاسِ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ، ؓ. وَالْأَوَّلُ هُوَ الْأَشْهَرُ؛ فَإِنَّ عُثْمَانَ لَمْ يَتَمَكَّنْ مِنَ الْحَجِّ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ لِأَجْلِ رُعَافٍ أَصَابَهُ مَعَ النَّاسِ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ حَتَّى خُشِيَ عَلَيْهِ. وَكَانَ يُقَالُ لِهَذِهِ السَّنَةِ: سَنَةُ الرُّعَافِ. فتح أبو موسى الأشعري الري وَفِيهَا افْتَتَحَ أَبُو مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيُّ الرَّيَّ بَعْدَ مَا نَقَضُوا الْعَهْدَ الَّذِي كَانَ وَاثَقَهُمْ عَلَيْهِ حُذَيْفَةُ بْنُ الْيَمَانِ، ؓ.
Translation
✧ ʿUthmān dismissed al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah from al-Kūfah and appointed Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ over it. Ibn Jarīr said: In this year ʿUthmān dismissed al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah from al-Kūfah and appointed Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ over it. He was the first governor he appointed, because ʿUmar had said: "If the office of commander comes to Saʿd, then that is that; otherwise, let whoever of you is appointed seek his assistance, for I did not dismiss him out of incapacity or betrayal." So he employed Saʿd over it for a year and part of another. Al-Wāqidī said, in what he mentioned from Usāmah b. Zayd b. Aslam, from his father, that ʿUmar had bequeathed that his governors be confirmed for a year. When ʿUthmān took office, he confirmed al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah over al-Kūfah for a year, then dismissed him and employed Saʿd. Then he dismissed him and appointed al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah b. Abī Muʿayṭ. Ibn Jarīr said: According to what al-Wāqidī mentioned, Saʿd's governorship over al-Kūfah would be in the year twenty-five. The reason for that—meaning Saʿd's dismissal—was that Saʿd had taken a loan from ʿAbd Allāh b. Masʿūd from the public treasury. When Ibn Masʿūd demanded repayment, it was not easy for him to repay it, and words rose between them. Saʿd said to him: "I see you will meet nothing but evil. Are you anything but Ibn Masʿūd, a slave from Hudhayl?" He replied: "Yes, by God, I am Ibn Masʿūd, and you are Ibn Ḥumaynah." Hāshim b. ʿUtbah b. Abī Waqqāṣ was present and said: "You are both companions of the Messenger of God ﷺ; he looks upon you both." So Saʿd raised his hand to pray against Ibn Masʿūd, for he had a sharp temper, and said: "O God, Lord of the heavens and the earth." Ibn Masʿūd said: "Woe to you! Say good and do not curse." Saʿd then said: "By God, were it not for the fear of God, I would utter against you a prayer that would not miss you." ʿAbd Allāh quickly turned away and went out. Then ʿAbd Allāh sought help from some people to extract the money, and Saʿd sought help from some people to grant him a delay, and they parted with some of them blaming others: these blamed Saʿd and those blamed ʿAbd Allāh. That was the first discord stirred among the people of al-Kūfah, and the first garrison town in which Satan stirred discord among its people. The news reached ʿUthmān, and he became angry with them both. He dismissed Saʿd and kept ʿAbd Allāh, and appointed al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah b. Abī Muʿayṭ in Saʿd's place. He had been governor over the Arabs of al-Jazīrah for ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, and for ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān after him. He arrived in al-Kūfah as its governor, and he remained over it for five years, and he was one of the most beloved of people to its inhabitants. When he arrived, Saʿd said to him: "Did you become cleverer after us, or did we become fools after you?" He said: "Do not be distressed, O Abū Isḥāq. None of that was the case. It is simply sovereignty: one people breakfasts on it and another sups on it." Saʿd said: "I see that you have made it a sovereignty!" And Ibn Masʿūd said to him: "I do not know whether things have improved after us, or whether the people have become corrupt." The expedition of al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah to Azerbaijan and Armenia Ibn Jarīr said: In this year—meaning the year twenty-four—al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah raided Azerbaijan and Armenia when their inhabitants withheld what they had agreed to in the days of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb. This is according to the account of Abū Mikhnaf. According to the account of others, that took place in the year twenty-six. Then Ibn Jarīr mentioned this event here, and its summary is that al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah marched with the army of al-Kūfah toward Azerbaijan and Armenia when they broke the treaty. He subdued their lands, raided the territories of that region, captured booty and prisoners, and took abundant wealth. When they were certain of destruction, its inhabitants made peace with him on the same terms they had made with Ḥudhayfah b. al-Yamān: eight hundred thousand dirhams each year. He collected from them the tribute of one year, then returned safe and enriched to al-Kūfah. He passed by al-Mawṣil, and the letter of ʿUthmān reached him there, commanding him to send reinforcements to the people of Syria for the war against the people of the Romans. ʿUthmān sent to Syria to fight the Romans Ibn Jarīr said: In this year the Romans stirred so much that the people of Syria became afraid and sent to ʿUthmān, ؓ, requesting reinforcements. He wrote to al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah: "When this letter of mine reaches you, send a trustworthy, generous, brave man at the head of eight thousand, nine thousand, or ten thousand to your brethren in Syria." So al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah stood among the people as a preacher when ʿUthmān's letter reached him, informed them of what the Commander of the Faithful had commanded him, summoned the people, urged them to jihād and to support Muʿāwiyah and the people of Syria, and appointed Salmān b. Rabīʿah over the people who would go out to Syria. In three days eight thousand volunteered, and he sent them to Syria, with Ḥabīb b. Muslim al-Fihrī in command of the Muslim army. When the two armies gathered, they launched raids on the lands of the Romans, captured booty and took many prisoners, and conquered many fortresses. Praise be to God. Al-Wāqidī claimed that the one who reinforced the people of Syria with Salmān b. Rabīʿah was Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ, acting on ʿUthmān's letter, ؓ. Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ sent Salmān b. Rabīʿah with six thousand horsemen until he reached Ḥabīb b. Maslamah, who had been approached by al-Mawriyān the Roman with eighty thousand Romans and Turks. Ḥabīb b. Maslamah was brave and resolute, and he resolved to raid the Roman army at night. His wife heard him telling the commanders that, and she said to him: "Where is my tryst with you?"—meaning where shall I meet you tomorrow? He said to her: "Your tryst is the pavilion of Mawriyān or Paradise." Then he marched against them at night with those Muslims who were with him, and killed whoever confronted him. His wife preceded him to the pavilion of Mawriyān, and she was the first Arab woman for whom a pavilion was set up. Later Ḥabīb b. Maslamah died leaving her, and after him al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays al-Fihrī married her; she is the mother of his child. Who led the pilgrimage in this year Ibn Jarīr said: There is disagreement about who led the people in pilgrimage this year. Al-Wāqidī and Abū Maʿshar said: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf led them by ʿUthmān's command. Others said: ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān led the people in pilgrimage, ؓ. The first is the better known, because ʿUthmān was not able to perform the pilgrimage this year due to a nosebleed that afflicted him among the people this year until his life was feared for. This year was called the Year of the Nosebleed. The conquest of al-Rayy by Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī In it, Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī conquered al-Rayy after they broke the treaty that Ḥudhayfah b. al-Yamān, ؓ, had made with them.
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