Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1923
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
فَتْحِ مِصْرَ وَالْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةِ قَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: وَفِي سَنَةُ عِشْرِينَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ كَانَ فَتْحُ مِصْرَ . وَكَذَا قَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: إِنَّهَا فُتِحَتْ هِيَ وَالْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ. وَقَالَ أَبُو مَعْشَرٍ: فُتِحَتْ مِصْرُ سَنَةَ عِشْرِينَ، وَإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ فِي سَنَةِ خَمْسٍ وَعِشْرِينَ. وَقَالَ سَيْفٌ: فُتِحَتْ مِصْرُ وَإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ فِي سَنَةِ سِتَّ عَشْرَةَ فِي رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ مِنْهَا. وَرَجَّحَ ذَلِكَ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ ابْنُ الْأَثِيرِ فِي " الْكَامِلِ "؛ لِقِصَّةِ بَعْثِ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ الْمِيرَةَ مِنْ مِصْرَ عَامَ الرَّمَادَةِ، وَهُوَ مَعْذُورٌ فِيمَا رَجَّحَهُ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. صِفَةُ فَتْحِ مِصْرَ مَجْمُوعًا مِنْ كَلَامِ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ وَسَيْفٍ وَغَيْرِهِمَا قَالُوا: لَمَّا اسْتَكْمَلَ عُمَرُ وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ فَتْحَ الشَّامَ بَعَثَ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ إِلَى مِصْرَ - وَزَعَمَ سَيْفٌ أَنَّهُ بَعَثَهُ بَعْدَ فَتْحِ بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ - وَأَرْدَفَهُ بِالزُّبَيْرِ بْنِ الْعَوَّامِ، وَفِي صُحْبَتِهِ بُسْرُ بْنُ أَرْطَاةَ، وَخَارِجَةُ بْنُ حُذَافَةَ، وَعُمَيْرُ بْنُ وَهْبٍ الْجُمَحِيُّ، فَاجْتَمَعَا عَلَى بَابِ مِصْرَ، فَلَقِيَهُمْ أَبُو مَرْيَمَ جَاثَلِيقُ مِصْرَ، وَمَعَهُ الْأُسْقُفُ أَبُو مَرْيَامَ فِي أَهْلِ الثَّبَاتِ، بَعَثَهُ الْمُقَوْقِسُ صَاحِبُ إِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةَ لِمَنْعِ بِلَادِهِمْ، فَلَمَّا تَصَافُّوا قَالَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ لَا تَعْجَلُوا حَتَّى نُعْذِرَ إِلَيْكُمْ، لِيَبْرُزْ إِلَيَّ أَبُو مَرْيَمَ وَأَبُو مَرْيَامَ رَاهِبَا هَذِهِ الْبِلَادِ. فَبَرَزَا إِلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُمَا عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ أَنْتُمَا رَاهِبَا هَذِهِ الْبِلَادِ فَاسْمَعَا: إِنَّ اللَّهَ بَعَثَ مُحَمَّدًا، ﷺ، بِالْحَقِّ، وَأَمَرَهُ بِهِ، وَأَمَرَنَا بِهِ مُحَمَّدٌ، ﷺ، وَأَدَّى إِلَيْنَا كُلَّ الَّذِي أُمِرَ بِهِ، ثُمَّ مَضَى وَتَرَكَنَا عَلَى الْوَاضِحَةِ، وَكَانَ مِمَّا أَمَرَنَا بِهِ الْإِعْذَارُ إِلَى النَّاسِ، فَنَحْنُ نَدْعُوكُمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، فَمَنْ أَجَابَنَا إِلَيْهِ فَمِثْلُنَا، وَمَنْ لَمْ يُجِبْنَا عَرَضْنَا عَلَيْهِ الْجِزْيَةَ وَبَذَلْنَا لَهُ الْمَنَعَةَ، وَقَدْ أَعْلَمَنَا أَنَّا مُفْتَتِحُوكُمْ، وَأَوْصَانَا بِكُمْ؛ حِفْظًا لِرَحِمِنَا مِنْكُمْ، وَأَنَّ لَكُمْ إِنْ أَجَبْتُمُونَا بِذَلِكَ ذِمَّةً إِلَى ذِمَّةٍ، وَمِمَّا عَهِدَ إِلَيْنَا أَمِيرُنَا: اسْتَوْصُوا بِالْقِبْطِيِّينَ خَيْرًا؛ فَإِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، أَوْصَانَا بِالْقِبْطِيِّينَ خَيْرًا؛ لِأَنَّ لَهُمْ رَحِمًا وَذِمَّةً. فَقَالُوا: قَرَابَةٌ بَعِيدَةٌ لَا يَصِلُ مِثْلَهَا إِلَّا الْأَنْبِيَاءُ، مَعْرُوفَةٌ شَرِيفَةٌ، كَانَتِ ابْنَةَ مَلِكِنَا، وَكَانَتْ مَنْ أَهْلِ مَنْفَ وَالْمُلْكُ فِيهِمْ، فَأُدِيلَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَهْلُ عَيْنِ شَمْسٍ فَقَتَلُوهُمْ وَسَلَبُوهُمْ مُلْكَهُمْ وَاغْتَرَبُوا، فَلِذَلِكَ صَارَتْ إِلَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، مَرْحَبًا بِهِ وَأَهْلًا، أَمِّنَّا حَتَّى نَرْجِعَ إِلَيْكَ. فَقَالَ عَمْرٌو: إِنَّ مِثْلِي لَا يُخْدَعُ، وَلَكِنِّي أُؤَجِّلُكُمَا ثَلَاثًا لِتَنْظُرُوا وَلِتُنَاظِرَا قَوْمَكُمَا، وَإِلَّا نَاجَزْتُكُمْ. قَالَا: زِدْنَا. فَزَادَهُمْ يَوْمًا، فَقَالَا: زِدْنَا. فَزَادَهُمْ يَوْمًا، فَرَجَعَا إِلَى الْمُقَوْقِسِ فَأَبَى أَرْطَبُونُ أَنْ يُجِيبَهُمَا وَأَمَرَ بِمُنَاهَدَتِهِمْ، وَقَالَ لِأَهْلِ مِصْرَ: أَمَّا نَحْنُ فَسَنَجْتَهِدُ أَنْ نَدْفَعَ عَنْكُمْ وَلَا نَرْجِعَ إِلَيْهِمْ، وَقَدْ بَقِيَتْ أَرْبَعَةُ أَيَّامٍ. وَأَشَارَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِأَنْ يُبَيِّتُوا الْمُسْلِمِينَ. فَقَالَ الْمَلَأُ مِنْهُمْ: مَا تُقَاتِلُونَ مِنْ قَوْمٍ قَتَلُوا كِسْرَى وَقَيْصَرَ وَغَلَبُوهُمْ عَلَى بِلَادِهِمْ ؟ ! فَأَلَحَّ الْأَرْطَبُونُ فِي أَنْ يُبَيِّتُوا الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَفَعَلُوا فَلَمْ يَظْفَرُوا بِشَيْءٍ بَلْ قُتِلَ مِنْهُمْ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمُ الْأَرْطَبُونُ. حصار عين شمس وَحَاصَرَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ عَيْنَ شَمْسٍ مِنْ مِصْرَ فِي الْيَوْمِ الرَّابِعِ، وَارْتَقَى الزُّبَيْرُ عَلَيْهِمْ سُورَ الْبَلَدِ، فَلَمَّا أَحَسُّوا بِذَلِكَ خَرَجُوا إِلَى عَمْرٍو مِنَ الْبَابِ الْآخَرِ فَصَالَحُوهُ، وَاخْتَرَقَ الزُّبَيْرُ الْبَلَدَ حَتَّى خَرَجَ مِنَ الْبَابِ الَّذِي عَلَيْهِ عَمْرٌو، فَأَمْضَوُا الصُّلْحَ. وَكَتَبَ لَهُمْ عَمْرٌو كِتَابَ أَمَانٍ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ، هَذَا مَا أَعْطَى عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ أَهْلَ مِصْرَ مِنَ الْأَمَانِ عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمْ وَمِلَّتِهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ وَكَنَائِسِهِمْ وَصُلُبِهِمْ، وَبَرِّهِمْ وَبَحْرِهِمْ، لَا يُدْخَلُ عَلَيْهِمْ شَيْءٌ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَلَا يُنْتَقَصُ، وَلَا يُسَاكِنُهُمُ النُّوبَةُ وَعَلَى أَهْلِ مِصْرَ أَنْ يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ إِذَا اجْتَمَعُوا عَلَى هَذَا الصُّلْحِ، وَانْتَهَتْ زِيَادَةُ نَهْرِهِمْ، خَمْسِينَ أَلْفَ أَلْفٍ، وَعَلَيْهِمْ مَا جَنَى لُصُوتُهُمْ، فَإِنْ أَبَى أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ أَنْ يُجِيبَ، رُفِعَ عَنْهُمْ مِنَ الْجَزَاءِ بِقَدْرِهِمْ، وَذِمَّتُنَا مِمَّنْ أَبَى بَرِيئَةٌ، وَإِنْ نَقَصَ نَهْرُهُمْ مِنْ غَايَتِهِ إِذَا انْتَهَى، رُفِعَ عَنْهُمْ بِقَدْرِ ذَلِكَ، وَمَنْ دَخَلَ فِي صُلْحِهِمْ مِنَ الرُّومِ وَالنُّوبَةِ، فَلَهُ مِثْلُ مَا لَهُمْ وَعَلَيْهِ مِثْلُ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ، وَمَنْ أَبَى وَاخْتَارَ الذَّهَابَ، فَهُوَ آمِنٌ حَتَّى يَبْلُغَ مَأْمَنَهُ أَوْ يَخْرُجَ مِنْ سُلْطَانِنَا، عَلَيْهِمْ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ أَثْلَاثًا، فِي كُلِّ ثُلُثِ جِبَايَةُ ثُلُثِ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ، عَلَى مَا فِي هَذَا الْكِتَابِ عَهْدُ اللَّهِ وَذِمَّةُ رَسُولِهِ وَذِمَّةُ الْخَلِيفَةِ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَذِمَمُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. وَعَلَى النُّوبَةِ الَّذِينَ اسْتَجَابُوا أَنْ يُعِينُوا بِكَذَا وَكَذَا رَأْسًا، وَكَذَا وَكَذَا فَرَسًا، عَلَى أَنْ لَا يَغْزُوا، وَلَا يَمْنَعُوا مِنْ تِجَارَةٍ صَادِرَةٍ وَلَا وَارِدَةٍ. شَهِدَ الزُّبَيْرُ وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ وَمُحَمَّدٌ ابْنَاهُ، وَكَتَبَ وَرْدَانُ وَحَضَرَ. فَدَخَلَ فِي ذَلِكَ أَهْلُ مِصْرَ كُلُّهُمْ، وَقَبِلُوا الصُّلْحَ، وَاجْتَمَعَتِ الْخُيُولُ بِمِصْرَ، وَعَمَّرُوا الْفُسْطَاطَ، وَظَهَرَ أَبُو مَرْيَمَ وَأَبُو مَرْيَامَ فَكَلَّمَا عَمْرًا فِي السَّبَايَا الَّتِي أُصِيبَتْ بَعْدَ الْمَعْرَكَةِ، فَأَبَى عَمْرٌو أَنْ يَرُدَّهَا عَلَيْهِمَا، وَأَمَرَ بِطَرْدِهِمَا وَإِخْرَاجِهِمَا مِنْ بَيْنِ يَدَيْهِ، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ ذَلِكَ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ أَمَرَ أَنَّ كُلَّ سَبْيٍ أُخِذَ فِي الْخَمْسَةِ أَيَّامٍ الَّتِي أَمَّنُوهُمْ فِيهَا أَنْ يُرَدَّ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَكُلَّ سَبْيٍ أُخِذَ مِمَّنْ لَمْ يُقَاتِلْ وَكَذَلِكَ مَنْ قَاتَلَ، فَلَا يُرَدُّ عَلَيْهِ سَبَايَاهُ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّهُ أَمَرَهُ أَنْ يُخَيِّرُوا مَنْ فِي أَيْدِيهِمْ مِنَ السَّبْيِ بَيْنَ الْإِسْلَامِ وَبَيْنَ أَنْ يَرْجِعَ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ، فَمَنِ اخْتَارَ الْإِسْلَامَ فَلَا يَرُدُّوهُ إِلَيْهِمْ، وَمَنِ اخْتَارَهُمْ رَدُّوهُ عَلَيْهِمْ وَأَخَذُوا مِنْهُ الْجِزْيَةَ، وَأَمَّا مَا تَفَرَّقَ مِنْ سَبْيِهِمْ فِي الْبِلَادِ وَوَصَلَ إِلَى الْحَرَمَيْنِ وَغَيْرِهِمَا، فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى رَدِّهِمْ، وَلَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُصَالِحَهُمْ عَلَى مَا يَتَعَذَّرُ الْوَفَاءُ بِهِ. فَفَعَلَ عَمْرٌو مَا أَمَرَ بِهِ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَجَمَعَ السَّبَايَا وَعَرَضُوهُمْ وَخَيَّرُوهُمْ، فَمِنْهُمْ مَنِ اخْتَارَ الْإِسْلَامَ، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ عَادَ إِلَى دِينِهِ، وَانْعَقَدَ الصُّلْحُ بَيْنَهُمْ. وَحَضَرَتِ الْقِبْطُ بَابَ عَمْرٍو، وَبَلَغَ عَمْرًا أَنَّهُمْ يَقُولُونَ: مَا أَرَثَّ الْعَرَبَ ! مَا رَأَيْنَا مِثْلَنَا دَانَ لَهُمْ. فَخَافَ أَنْ يُطْمِعَهُمْ ذَلِكَ، فَأَمَرَ بِجُزُرٍ فَطُبِخَتْ وَدَعَا أُمَرَاءَ الْأَجْنَادِ فَأَعْلَمُوا أَصْحَابَهُمْ، فَحَضَرُوا عِنْدَهُ وَأَكَلُوا أَكْلًا عَرَبِيًّا، انْتَشَلُوا وَحَسَوْا وَهُمْ فِي الْعَبَاءِ بِغَيْرِ سِلَاحٍ، فَازْدَادَ طَمَعُهُمْ، وَأَمَرَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ [ أَنْ ] يَحْضُرُوا الْغَدَ فِي ثِيَابِ [ أَهْلِ ] مِصْرَ وَأَحْذِيَتِهِمْ، فَفَعَلُوا، وَأَذِنَ لِأَهْلِ مِصْرَ، فَرَأَوْا شَيْئًا غَيْرَ مَا رَأَوْا بِالْأَمْسِ، وَقَامَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْقُوَّامُ بِأَلْوَانِ مِصْرَ، فَأَكَلُوا أَكْلَ أَهْلِ مِصْرَ، فَارْتَابَ الْقِبْطُ، وَبَعَثَ أَيْضًا إِلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ: تَسَلَّحُوا لِلْعَرْضِ غَدًا، وَغَدَا عَلَى الْعَرْضِ، وَأَذِنَ لَهُمْ فَعَرَضَهُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ وَقَالَ لَهُمْ: عَلِمْتُ حَالَكُمْ حِينَ رَأَيْتُمُ اقْتِصَادَ الْعَرَبِ، فَخَشِيتُ أَنْ تَهْلِكُوا، فَأَحْبَبْتُ أَنْ أُرِيَكُمْ حَالَهُمْ فِي أَرْضِهِمْ كَيْفَ كَانَتْ، ثُمَّ حَالَهُمْ فِي أَرْضِكُمْ، ثُمَّ حَالَهُمْ فِي الْحَرْبِ، فَقَدْ رَأَيْتُمْ ظَفَرَهُمْ بِكُمْ وَذَلِكَ عَيْشُهُمْ، وَقَدْ كَلِبُوا عَلَى بِلَادِكُمْ بِمَا نَالُوا فِي الْيَوْمِ الثَّانِي، فَأَرَدْتُ أَنْ تَعْلَمُوا أَنَّ مَا رَأَيْتُمْ فِي الْيَوْمِ الثَّالِثِ غَيْرُ تَارِكٍ عَيْشَ الْيَوْمِ الثَّانِي، وَرَاجِعٌ إِلَى عَيْشِ الْيَوْمِ الْأَوَّلِ. فَتَفَرَّقُوا وَهُمْ يَقُولُونَ: لَقَدْ رَمَتْكُمُ الْعَرَبُ بِرَجُلِهِمْ. وَبَلَغَ عُمَرَ ذَلِكَ فَقَالَ: وَاللَّهِ إِنَّ حَرْبَهُ لَلَيِّنَةٌ مَا لَهَا سَطْوَةٌ وَلَا سَوْرَةٌ كَسَوْرَاتِ الْحُرُوبِ مِنْ غَيْرِهِ. فتح الإسكندرية ثُمَّ أَرْسَلَ عَمْرٌو جَيْشًا إِلَى إِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةَ - وَكَانَ الْمُقَوْقِسُ صَاحِبُ الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةِ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ يُؤَدِّي خَرَاجَ بَلَدِهِ وَبَلَدِ مِصْرَ إِلَى مَلِكِ الرُّومِ - فَلَمَّا حَاصَرَهُ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ جَمَعَ أَسَاقِفَتَهُ وَأَكَابِرَ دَوْلَتِهِ، وَقَالَ لَهُمْ: إِنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ الْعَرَبَ غَلَبُوا كِسْرَى وَقَيْصَرَ وَأَزَالُوهُمْ عَنْ مُلْكِهِمْ، وَلَا طَاقَةَ لَنَا بِهِمْ، وَالرَّأْيُ عِنْدِي أَنْ نُؤَدِّيَ الْجِزْيَةَ إِلَيْهِمْ. ثُمَّ بَعَثَ إِلَى عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ يَقُولُ: إِنِّي كُنْتُ أُؤَدِّي الْخَرَاجَ إِلَى مَنْ هُوَ أَبْغَضُ إِلَيَّ مِنْكُمْ؛ فَارِسَ وَالرُّومِ. ثُمَّ صَالَحَهُ عَلَى أَدَاءِ الْجِزْيَةِ، وَبَعَثَ عَمْرٌو بِالْفَتْحِ وَالْأَخْمَاسِ إِلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ، ؓ. وَذَكَرَ سَيْفٌ أَنَّ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ لَمَّا الْتَقَى مَعَ الْمُقَوْقِسِ جَعَلَ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَفِرُّ مِنَ الزَّحْفِ، فَجَعَلَ عَمْرٌو يُذَمِّرُهُمْ وَيَحُثُّهُمْ عَلَى الثَّبَاتِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْيَمَنِ: إِنَّا لَمْ نُخْلَقْ مِنْ حِجَارَةٍ وَلَا حَدِيدٍ. فَقَالَ لَهُ عَمْرٌو: اسْكُتْ فَإِنَّمَا أَنْتَ كَلْبٌ. فَقَالَ لَهُ الرَّجُلُ: فَأَنْتَ إِذًا أَمِيرُ الْكِلَابِ. فَأَعْرَضَ عَنْهُ عَمْرٌو وَنَادَى يَطْلُبُ أَصْحَابَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، فَلَمَّا اجْتَمَعَ إِلَيْهِ مَنْ هُنَاكَ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ قَالَ لَهُمْ عَمْرٌو: تَقَدَّمُوا فَبِكُمْ يَنْصُرُ اللَّهُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ. فَنَهَدُوا إِلَى الْقَوْمِ فَفَتَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَظَفِرُوا أَتَمَّ الظَّفَرِ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ أَنَّ الْمُقَوْقِسَ سَأَلَ مِنْ عَمْرٍو أَنْ يُهَادِنَهُ أَوَّلًا، فَلَمْ يَقْبَلْ عَمْرٌو، وَقَالَ لَهُ: قَدْ عَلِمْتُمْ مَا فَعَلْنَا بِمَلِكِكُمُ الْأَكْبَرِ هِرَقْلَ. فَقَالَ الْمُقَوْقِسُ لِأَصْحَابِهِ: صَدَقَ، فَنَحْنُ أَحَقُّ بِالْإِذْعَانِ. ثُمَّ صَالَحَ عَلَى مَا تَقَدَّمَ. وَذَكَرَ غَيْرُهُ أَنَّ عَمْرًا وَالزُّبَيْرَ سَارَا إِلَى عَيْنِ شَمْسٍ فَحَاصَرَاهَا، وَأَنَّ عَمْرًا بَعَثَ إِلَى الْفَرَمَا أَبَرْهَةَ بْنَ الصَّبَّاحِ، وَبَعَثَ عَوْفَ بْنَ مَالِكٍ إِلَى الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةِ فَقَالَ كُلٌّ مِنْهُمَا لِأَهْلِ بَلَدِهِ: إِنْ نَزَلْتُمْ فَلَكُمُ الْأَمَانُ. فَتَرَبَّصُوا مَاذَا يَكُونُ مِنْ أَهْلِ عَيْنِ شَمْسٍ، فَلَمَّا صَالَحُوا، صَالَحَ الْبَاقُونَ. وَقَدْ قَالَ عَوْفُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ لِأَهْلِ إِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةَ: مَا أَحْسَنَ بَلَدَكُمْ ! فَقَالُوا: إِنَّ إِسْكَنْدَرَ لَمَّا بَنَاهَا قَالَ: لَأَبْنِيَنَّ مَدِينَةً فَقِيرَةً إِلَى اللَّهِ غَنِيَّةً عَنِ النَّاسِ. فَبَقِيَتْ بَهْجَتُهَا. وَقَالَ أَبَرْهَةُ لِأَهْلِ الْفَرَمَا: مَا أَقْبَحَ مَدِينَتَكُمْ ! فَقَالُوا: إِنَّ الْفَرَمَا - وَهُوَ أَخُو الْإِسْكَنْدَرِ - لَمَّا بَنَاهَا قَالَ: لَأَبْنِيَنَّ مَدِينَةً غَنِيَّةً عَنِ اللَّهِ فَقِيرَةً إِلَى النَّاسِ. فَهِيَ لَا يَزَالُ سَاقِطًا بِنَاؤُهَا، فَشُوِّهَتْ بِذَلِكَ. وَذَكَرَ سَيْفٌ أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَرْحٍ لَمَّا وَلِيَ مِصْرَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ زَادَ فِي الْخَرَاجِ عَلَيْهِمْ رُءُوسًا مِنَ الرَّقِيقِ يُهْدُونَهَا إِلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي كُلِّ سَنَةٍ، وَيُعَوِّضُهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ بِطَعَامٍ مُسَمًّى وَكُسْوَةٍ. وَأَقَرَّ ذَلِكَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ وَوُلَاةُ الْأُمُورِ بَعْدَهُ، حَتَّى كَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ فَأَمْضَاهُ أَيْضًا؛ نَظَرًا لَهُمْ، وَإِبْقَاءً لِعَهْدِهِمْ. قُلْتُ: وَإِنَّمَا سُمِّيَتْ دِيَارُ مِصْرَ بِالْفُسْطَاطِ نِسْبَةً إِلَى فُسْطَاطِ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ نَصَبَ خَيْمَتَهُ - وَهِيَ الْفُسْطَاطُ - مَوْضِعَ مِصْرَ الْيَوْمَ، وَبَنَى النَّاسُ حَوْلَهُ، وَتُرِكَتْ مِصْرُ الْقَدِيمَةُ مِنْ زَمَانِ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ وَإِلَى الْيَوْمِ، ثُمَّ رَفَعَ الْفُسْطَاطَ وَبَنَى مَوْضِعَهُ جَامِعًا وَهُوَ الْمَنْسُوبُ إِلَيْهِ الْيَوْمَ. غزو النوبة وَقَدْ غَزَا الْمُسْلِمُونَ بَعْدَ فَتْحِ مِصْرَ النُّوبَةَ ؛ فَنَالَهُمْ جِرَاحَاتٌ كَثِيرَةٌ، وَأُصِيبَتْ أَعْيُنٌ كَثِيرَةٌ؛ لِجَوْدَةِ رَمْيِ النُّوبَةِ، فَسَمَّوْهُمْ جُنْدَ الْحِدَقِ. ثُمَّ فَتَحَهَا اللَّهُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ. وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ وَالْمِنَّةُ. وَقَدِ اخْتُلِفَ فِي بِلَادِ مِصْرَ، فَقِيلَ: فُتِحَتْ صُلْحًا إِلَّا الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةَ. وَهُوَ قَوْلُ يَزِيدَ بْنِ أَبِي حَبِيبٍ. وَقِيلَ: كُلُّهَا عَنْوَةٌ. وَهُوَ قَوْلُ ابْنِ عُمَرَ وَجَمَاعَةٍ. وَعَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ أَنَّهُ خَطَبَ النَّاسَ فَقَالَ: مَا قَعَدْتُ مَقْعَدِي هَذَا وَلِأَحَدٍ مِنَ الْقِبْطِ عِنْدِي عَهْدٌ؛ إِنْ شِئْتُ قَتَلْتُ، وَإِنْ شِئْتُ بِعْتُ، وَإِنْ شِئْتُ خَمَّسْتُ، إِلَّا لِأَهْلِ أَنْطَابُلُسَ، فَإِنَّ لَهُمْ عَهْدًا نَفِي بِهِ.
Translation
✧ The Conquest of Egypt and Alexandria Muḥammad b. Isḥāq said: In the year twenty of the Emigration was the conquest of Egypt. Likewise al-Wāqidī said that Egypt and Alexandria were conquered in this year. Abū Maʿshar said: Egypt was conquered in the year twenty, and Alexandria in the year twenty-five. Sayf said: Egypt and Alexandria were conquered in the year sixteen, in Rabīʿ al-Awwal thereof. Abū al-Ḥasan Ibn al-Athīr in “al-Kāmil” preferred that, due to the story of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ sending provisions from Egypt in the Year of al-Ramādah; and he is excused in what he preferred. And Allah knows best. The Description of the Conquest of Egypt Compiled from the words of Ibn Isḥāq, Sayf, and others They said: When ʿUmar and the Muslims had completed the conquest of Syria, he sent ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ to Egypt – and Sayf claimed that he sent him after the conquest of Jerusalem – and he reinforced him with al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām, and in his company were Busr b. Arṭāh, Khārijah b. Ḥudhāfah, and ʿUmayr b. Wahb al-Jumaḥī. They met at the gate of Egypt, and Abū Maryam, the Catholicos of Egypt, met them, and with him was the bishop Abū Maryām, among the people of steadfastness, sent by al-Muqawqis, the ruler of Alexandria, to defend their lands. When they arrayed for battle, ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ said: “Do not be hasty until we offer you an excuse. Let Abū Maryam and Abū Maryām, the two monks of this land, come forth to me.” They came forth to him, and ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ said to them: “You are the two monks of this land, so listen: Allah sent Muḥammad ﷺ with the truth, and commanded him with it, and Muḥammad ﷺ commanded us with it, and he conveyed to us all that he was commanded. Then he passed on and left us upon the clear path. Among what he commanded us was to offer excuse to people. We call you to Islam. Whoever responds to us in it is like us. Whoever does not respond, we offer him the jizyah and grant him protection. He informed us that we shall conquer you, and he enjoined us concerning you, out of regard for the kinship between us and you. If you respond to us with that, you shall have a covenant joined to a covenant. Among what our commander enjoined upon us: Treat the Copts well, for the Messenger of Allah ﷺ enjoined us to treat the Copts well, because they have kinship and a covenant.” They said: “A distant kinship, the like of which none but prophets attain, well-known and noble: she was the daughter of our king, and she was from the people of Memphis, and sovereignty was among them. The people of Heliopolis gained the upper hand over them, killed them, stripped them of their kingdom, and they became strangers. Thus she came to Abraham ﷺ. Welcome to him and a worthy welcome. Grant us security until we return to you.” ʿAmr said: “One like me is not deceived, but I grant you two a delay of three days to consider and consult your people; otherwise I shall fight you.” They said: “Give us more.” He added a day for them. They said: “Give us more.” He added a day for them. They returned to al-Muqawqis, but Arṭabūn refused to answer them and ordered war against them, and he said to the people of Egypt: “As for us, we shall strive to defend you and not return to them; four days remain.” He advised them to fall upon the Muslims by night. The assembly among them said: “Do you fight a people who killed Kisrā and Caesar and overcame them in their lands?” But Arṭabūn insisted that they fall upon the Muslims by night, so they did, but they gained nothing; rather a group of them was killed, among them Arṭabūn. The Siege of Heliopolis The Muslims besieged Heliopolis of Egypt on the fourth day. Al-Zubayr climbed over them upon the wall of the city. When they perceived that, they went out to ʿAmr from the other gate and made peace with him. Al-Zubayr crossed through the city until he came out from the gate where ʿAmr was, and they carried out the peace. ʿAmr wrote for them a document of security: In the name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful. This is what ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ granted the people of Egypt of security for their persons, their religion, their properties, their churches, their crosses, their land and their sea. None of that shall be encroached upon or diminished, and the Nubians shall not dwell among them. The people of Egypt are obliged to pay the jizyah when they agree upon this truce, and when the inundation of their river reaches its height: fifty thousand thousand. They are liable for what their thieves commit. If any of them refuses to comply, the amount commensurate with them shall be lifted from the tribute, and our covenant is free from whoever refuses. If their river falls short of its height when it reaches it, it shall be lifted from them in proportion to that. Whoever enters into their truce, of the Romans and the Nubians, shall have the like of what they have and owe the like of what they owe. Whoever refuses and chooses to depart is secure until he reaches his place of safety or leaves our dominion. They owe what they owe in three installments: in each third the collection of a third of what they owe. Upon what is in this document: the covenant of Allah, the protection of His Messenger, the protection of the Caliph, the Commander of the Believers, and the protections of the believers. The Nubians who responded are obliged to assist with so many and so many heads, and so many and so many horses, on condition that they do not raid and do not obstruct outgoing or incoming trade. Witnessed by al-Zubayr and his two sons ʿAbd Allāh and Muḥammad. Written by Wardān, and he was present. All the people of Egypt entered into that and accepted the truce, and the cavalry assembled in Egypt, and they built al-Fusṭāṭ. Abū Maryam and Abū Maryām appeared and spoke to ʿAmr about the captives taken after the battle. ʿAmr refused to return them to them, and ordered the two of them to be driven away and expelled from before him. When that reached the Commander of the Believers ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, he ordered that every captive taken during the five days in which they had been granted security be returned to them, and every captive taken from those who did not fight, and likewise from those who fought—his captives shall not be returned to him. It was also said that he ordered him to give those in their hands of the captives a choice between Islam and returning to their people: whoever chooses Islam, do not return him to them; whoever chooses them, return him to them and take the jizyah from him. As for what was scattered of their captives in the lands and reached the two Sanctuaries and elsewhere, he is unable to return them, and it is not fitting to make a truce with them over what is impossible to fulfill. ʿAmr did what the Commander of the Believers ordered: he gathered the captives, presented them, and gave them the choice. Some chose Islam, and some returned to their religion, and the truce was concluded between them. The Copts came to ʿAmr's gate, and it reached ʿAmr that they were saying: “How wretched the Arabs are! We have never seen the like of us subdued by them.” He feared that this would embolden them against him, so he ordered camels to be slaughtered and cooked, and he invited the commanders of the armies, who informed their men. They came to him and ate an Arab meal, dipping and sipping, clad in cloaks without weapons. Their greed increased. He ordered the Muslims to attend the next day in the clothes and shoes of the people of Egypt. They did so, and he gave permission to the people of Egypt. They saw something different from what they had seen the day before, and attendants served them with Egyptian dishes, and they ate the food of the people of Egypt. The Copts became suspicious. He also sent to the Muslims: “Arm yourselves for review tomorrow.” He came to the review and gave them permission, and he displayed them before the Copts, and said to them: “I knew your condition when you saw the frugality of the Arabs. I feared you would perish, so I wished to show you their condition in their own land, how it was, then their condition in your land, then their condition in war. You have seen their victory over you, for that is their way of life. They have become ravenous for your lands because of what they attained on the second day. I wanted you to know that what you saw on the third day does not abandon the way of the second day, nor return to the way of the first day.” They dispersed saying: “The Arabs have cast at you their mighty man.” That reached ʿUmar, and he said: “By Allah, his war is gentle; it has no violence and no onslaught like the onslaughts of wars by others.” The Conquest of Alexandria Then ʿAmr sent an army to Alexandria. Al-Muqawqis, the ruler of Alexandria, had before that been paying the tribute of his land and the land of Egypt to the king of the Romans. When ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ besieged him, he gathered his bishops and the notables of his state and said to them: “These Arabs have defeated Kisrā and Caesar and removed them from their kingdom, and we have no strength against them. My opinion is that we pay the jizyah to them.” Then he sent to ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ saying: “I used to pay the tribute to one more hateful to me than you: Persia and Rome.” Then he made peace with him on payment of the jizyah, and ʿAmr sent the news of the conquest and the fifths to ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ. Sayf mentioned that when ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ met al-Muqawqis in battle, many of the Muslims fled from the advance. ʿAmr began to rebuke them and urge them to stand firm. A man from Yemen said to him: “We were not created from stones or iron.” ʿAmr said to him: “Be silent, for you are but a dog.” The man said: “Then you are the commander of dogs.” ʿAmr turned away from him and called out for the Companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. When the Companions who were there gathered to him, ʿAmr said to them: “Advance! For through you Allah grants victory to the Muslims.” They charged the enemy, and Allah granted them victory, and they triumphed completely. It is mentioned that al-Muqawqis asked ʿAmr to grant him a truce first, but ʿAmr refused and said to him: “You know what we did to your greatest king Heraclius.” Al-Muqawqis said to his companions: “He speaks the truth; we are more deserving of submission.” Then he made peace on what has preceded. Others mentioned that ʿAmr and al-Zubayr marched to Heliopolis and besieged it, and that ʿAmr sent Abrahah b. al-Ṣabbāḥ to Pelusium and sent ʿAwf b. Mālik to Alexandria. Each of them said to the people of his city: “If you surrender, you shall have security.” They watched what would happen with the people of Heliopolis. When they made peace, the rest made peace. ʿAwf b. Mālik said to the people of Alexandria: “How beautiful is your city!” They said: “When Alexander built it, he said: ‘I shall build a city needy before Allah, rich before people.’ So its splendor remained.” Abrahah said to the people of Pelusium: “How ugly is your city!” They said: “When al-Faramā—the brother of Alexander—built it, he said: ‘I shall build a city rich before Allah, needy before people.’ Its buildings have never ceased to fall, and it was disfigured thereby.” Sayf mentioned that when ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd b. Abī Sarḥ governed Egypt after that, he increased the tribute upon them by heads of slaves which they would present to the Muslims every year, and the Muslims would compensate them with specified food and clothing. ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān and the governors after him approved that, until ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, who also carried it out, out of consideration for them and preservation of their covenant. I say: The lands of Egypt were named al-Fusṭāṭ in reference to the fusṭāṭ of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, because he pitched his tent—which is the fusṭāṭ—at the site of Cairo today, and the people built around it. Old Cairo has remained from the time of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ until today. Then he removed the fusṭāṭ and built in its place a congregational mosque, which is the one attributed to him today. The Campaign against Nubia The Muslims campaigned against Nubia after the conquest of Egypt. Many wounds befell them, and many eyes were hit, because of the excellence of the Nubians' archery. They called them the Army of the Pupils. Then Allah granted its conquest after that. To Allah belongs praise and grace. There is disagreement about the lands of Egypt. It was said: They were conquered by treaty except Alexandria. That is the statement of Yazīd b. Abī Ḥabīb. It was said: All of them were conquered by force. That is the statement of Ibn ʿUmar and a group. It is reported from ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ that he addressed the people and said: “I have not sat in this seat of mine while any of the Copts has a covenant with me. If I wished, I could kill, or if I wished, I could sell, or if I wished, I could take the fifth, except for the people of Antābulus, for they have a covenant which we fulfill.”
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