Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1903
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
فَتْحِ الْجَزِيرَةِ وَأَرْمِينِيَّةَ قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ وَفِي سنة سبع عشرة فُتِحَتِ الْجَزِيرَةُ، فِيمَا قَالَهُ سَيْفُ بْنُ عُمَرَ. قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ فِي ذِي الْحِجَّةِ مِنْ سَنَةِ سَبْعَ عَشْرَةَ. فَوَافَقَ سَيْفَ بْنَ عُمَرَ فِي كَوْنِهَا فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ. وَقَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ كَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي سَنَةِ تِسْعَ عَشْرَةَ. أحداث الفتح سَارَ إِلَيْهَا عِيَاضُ بْنُ غَنْمٍ، وَفِي صُحْبَتِهِ أَبُو مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيُّ، وَعُمَرُ بْنُ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، وَهُوَ غُلَامٌ صَغِيرُ السِّنِّ لَيْسَ إِلَيْهِ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ شَيْءٌ، وَعُثْمَانُ بْنُ أَبِي الْعَاصِ وأَرْسَلَ سُهَيْلَ بْنَ عَدِيٍّ إِلَى الرَّقَّةِ وَقَدِ ارْفَضَّ أَهْلُ الْجَزِيرَةِ عَنْ حِمْصَ إِلَى كُوَرِهِمْ، حِينَ سَمِعُوا بِأَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ، فَنَزَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ فَأَقَامَ يُحَاصِرُهُمْ حَتَّى صَالَحُوهُ، فَبَعَثُوا فِي ذَلِكَ إِلَى عِيَاضٍ وَهُوَ فِي مَنْزِلٍ وَسَطٍ بَيْنَ الْجَزِيرَةِ، فَقَبِلَ مِنْهُمْ وَصَالَحَهُمْ، وَصَارُوا ذِمَّةً، وَخَرَجَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عِتْبَانَ عَلَى الْمَوْصِلِ إِلَى نَصِيبِينَ، فَلَقُوهُ بِالصُّلْحِ، وَصَنَعُوا كَصُنْعِ أَهْلِ الرَّقَّةِ، فَكَتَبُوا إِلَى عِيَاضٍ فَقَبِلَ مِنْهُمْ وَعَقَدَ لَهُمْ. وَخَرَجَ الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ عُقْبَةَ فَقَدِمَ عَلَى عَرَبِ الْجَزِيرَةِ، فَنَهَضَ مَعَهُ مُسْلِمُهُمْ وَكَافِرُهُمْ، إِلَّا إِيَادَ بْنَ نِزَارٍ، فَإِنَّهُمْ دَخَلُوا أَرْضَ الرُّومِ، فَكَتَبَ الْوَلِيدُ بِذَلِكَ إِلَى عُمَرَ. وَلَمَّا أَخَذُوا الرَّقَّةَ وَنَصِيبِينَ ضَمَّ عِيَاضٌ إِلَيْهِ سُهَيْلًا وَعَبْدَ اللَّهِ، وَسَارَ بِالنَّاسِ إِلَى حَرَّانَ، فَلَمَّا وَصَلَ أَجَابَهُ أَهْلُهَا إِلَى الْجِزْيَةِ فَقَبِلَ مِنْهُمْ. ثُمَّ إِنَّ عِيَاضًا سَرَّحَ سُهَيْلًا وَعَبْدَ اللَّهِ إِلَى الرُّهَاءِ فَأَجَابُوهُمَا إِلَى الْجِزْيَةِ، وَأَجْرَوْا كُلَّ مَا أَخَذُوهُ مِنَ الْجَزِيرَةِ عَنْوَةً مَجْرَى الذِّمَّةِ، فَكَانَتِ الْجَزِيرَةُ أَسْهَلَ الْبُلْدَانِ فَتْحًا. وَرَجَعَ سُهَيْلٌ وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ إِلَى الْكُوفَةِ. وَكَتَبَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ إِلَى عُمَرَ بَعْدَ انْصِرَافِهِ مِنْ الْجَابِيَةِ يَسْأَلُهُ أَنْ يَضُمَّ إِلَيْهِ عِيَاضَ بْنَ غَنْمٍ إِذَا أَخَذَ خَالِدًا إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَصَرَفَهُ إِلَيْهِ، فَاسْتَعْمَلَ حَبِيبَ بْنَ مَسْلَمَةَ عَلَى عَجَمِ الْجَزِيرَةِ وَحَرْبِهَا، وَالْوَلِيدَ بْنَ عُقْبَةَ عَلَى عَرَبِهَا. فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ كِتَابُ الْوَلِيدِ عَلَى عُمَرَ بِمَنْ دَخَلَ الرُّومَ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ كَتَبَ عُمَرُ إِلَى مَلِكِ الرُّومِ: بَلَغَنِي أَنَّ حَيًّا مِنْ أَحْيَاءِ الْعَرَبِ تَرَكَ دَارَنَا وَأَتَى دَارَكَ، فَوَاللَّهِ لَتُخْرِجَنَّهُ إِلَيْنَا أَوْ لَنُخْرِجَنَّ النَّصَارَى إِلَيْكَ. فَأَخْرَجَهُمْ مَلِكُ الرُّومِ، فَخَرَجَ مِنْهُمْ أَرْبَعَةُ آلَافٍ وَتَفَرَّقَ بَقِيَّتُهُمْ فِي مَا يَلِي الشَّامَ وَالْجَزِيرَةَ مِنْ بِلَادِ الرُّومِ، فَكُلُّ إِيَادِيٍّ فِي أَرْضِ الْعَرَبِ مِنْ أُولَئِكَ الْأَرْبَعَةِ آلَافٍ. وَأَبَى الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ عُقْبَةَ أَنْ يَقْبَلَ مِنْ تَغْلِبَ إِلَّا الْإِسْلَامَ، فَكَتَبَ فِيهِمْ إِلَى عُمَرَ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ عُمَرُ: إِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ بِجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِ لَا يُقْبَلُ مِنْهُمْ [ فِيهَا ] إِلَّا الْإِسْلَامُ، فَدَعْهُمْ عَلَى أَنْ لَا يُنَصِّرُوا وَلِيدًا وَلَا يَمْنَعُوا أَحَدًا مِنْهُمْ مِنَ الْإِسْلَامِ. وَكَانَ فِي تَغْلِبَ عِزٌّ وَامْتِنَاعٌ، فَهَمَّ بِهِمُ الْوَلِيدُ فَخَافَ عُمَرُ أَنْ يَسْطُوَ عَلَيْهِمْ فَعَزَلَهُ، وَأَمَّرَ عَلَيْهِمْ فُرَاتَ بْنَ حَيَّانَ وَهِنْدَ بْنَ عَمْرٍو الْجَمَلِيَّ. وَقَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: إِنَّ عُمَرَ كَتَبَ إِلَى سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ: إِذَا فَتَحَ اللَّهُ الشَّامَ وَالْعِرَاقَ فَابْعَثْ جُنْدًا إِلَى الْجَزِيرَةِ وَأَمِّرْ عَلَيْهِ خَالِدَ بْنَ عُرْفُطَةَ أَوْ هَاشِمَ بْنَ عُتْبَةَ أَوْ عِيَاضَ بْنَ غَنْمٍ. قَالَ سَعْدٌ: مَا أَخَّرَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عِيَاضًا إِلَّا لِأَنَّ لَهُ فِيهِ هَوًى وَأَنَا مُوَلِّيهِ، فَبَعَثَهُ وَبَعَثَ مَعَهُ جَيْشًا فِيهِ أَبُو مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيُّ، وَابْنُهُ عُمَرُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ لَيْسَ لَهُ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ شَيْءٌ، فَسَارَ عِيَاضٌ وَنَزَلَ بِجُنْدِهِ عَلَى الرُّهَاءِ، فَصَالَحَهُ أَهْلُهُ مُصَالَحَةَ حَرَّانَ، وَبَعَثَ أَبَا مُوسَى إِلَى نَصِيبِينَ فَافْتَتَحَهَا، وَسَارَ عِيَاضٌ بِنَفْسِهِ إِلَى دَارَا فَافْتَتَحَهَا، وَوَجَّهَ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ أَبِي الْعَاصِ إِلَى أَرْمِينِيَّةَ الرَّابِعَةِ فَقَاتَلَ أَهْلَهَا، فَاسْتَشْهَدَ صَفْوَانُ بْنُ الْمُعَطَّلِ، وَصَالَحَ أَهْلُهَا عُثْمَانَ عَلَى الْجِزْيَةِ. ثُمَّ كَانَ فَتْحُ قَيْسَارِيَّةَ مِنْ فِلَسْطِينَ وَهَرَبَ هِرَقْلُ. فَعَلَى هَذَا الْقَوْلِ تَكُونُ الْجَزِيرَةُ مِنْ فُتُوحِ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ، وَالْأَكْثَرُ عَلَى أَنَّهَا مِنْ فُتُوحِ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ، فَإِنَّ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ سَيَّرَ عِيَاضَ بْنَ غَنْمٍ إِلَى الْجَزِيرَةِ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَّ اسْتَخْلَفَ عِيَاضًا فَوَرَدَ عَلَيْهِ كِتَابُ عُمَرَ بِوِلَايَتِهِ حِمْصَ وَقِنَّسْرِينَ وَالْجَزِيرَةِ، فَسَارَ إِلَى الْجَزِيرَةِ سَنَةَ ثَمَانِي عَشْرَةَ لِلنِّصْفِ مِنْ شَعْبَانَ فِي خَمْسَةِ آلَافٍ وَعَلَى مَيْمَنَتِهِ سَعِيدُ بْنُ عَامِرِ بْنِ حِذْيَمٍ الْجُمَحِيُّ، وَعَلَى مَيْسَرَتِهِ صَفْوَانُ بْنُ الْمُعَطَّلِ، وَعَلَى مُقَدَّمَتِهِ هُبَيْرَةُ بْنُ مَسْرُوقٍ، فَانْتَهَتْ طَلِيعَةُ عِيَاضٍ إِلَى الرَّقَّةِ، فَأَغَارُوا عَلَى الْفَلَّاحِينَ وَحَصَرُوا الْمَدِينَةَ، وَبَثَّ عِيَاضٌ السَّرَايَا فَأَتَوْهُ بِالْأَسْرَى وَالْأَطْعِمَةِ، وَكَانَ حَصْرُهَا سِتَّةَ أَيَّامٍ، فَطَلَبَ أَهْلُهَا الصُّلْحَ، فَصَالَحَهُمْ عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمْ وَذَرَارِيهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ وَمَدِينَتِهِمْ، وَقَالَ عِيَاضٌ: الْأَرْضُ لَنَا قَدْ وَطِئْنَاهَا وَمَلَكْنَاهَا، فَأَقَرَّهَا فِي أَيْدِيهِمْ عَلَى الْخَرَاجِ وَوَضْعِ الْجِزْيَةِ. ثُمَّ سَارَ إِلَى حَرَّانَ فَجَعَلَ عَلَيْهَا عَسْكَرًا يَحْصُرُهَا، عَلَيْهِمْ صَفْوَانُ بْنُ الْمُعَطَّلِ وَحَبِيبُ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ، وَسَارَ هُوَ إِلَى الرُّهَاءِ، فَقَاتَلَهُ أَهْلُهَا ثُمَّ انْهَزَمُوا وَحَصَرَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فِي مَدِينَتِهِمْ، فَطَلَبَ أَهْلُهَا الصُّلْحَ فَصَالَحَهُمْ، وَعَادَ إِلَى حَرَّانَ فَوَجَدَ صَفْوَانَ وَحَبِيبًا وَقَدْ غَلَبَا عَلَى حُصُونٍ وَقُرًى مِنْ أَعْمَالِ حَرَّانَ، فَصَالَحَهُ أَهْلُهَا عَلَى مِثْلِ صُلْحِ الْرُّهَاءِ. وَكَانَ عِيَاضٌ يَغْزُو وَيَعُودُ إِلَى الرُّهَاءِ، وَفَتَحَ سُمَيْسَاطَ، وَأَتَى سَرُوجَ وَرَأْسَ كَيْفَا وَالْأَرْضَ الْبَيْضَاءَ، فَصَالَحَهُ أَهْلُهَا عَلَى صُلْحِ الرُّهَاءِ. ثُمَّ إِنَّ أَهْلَ سُمَيْسَاطَ غَدَرُوا، فَرَجَعَ إِلَيْهِمْ عِيَاضٌ فَحَاصَرَهُمْ حَتَّى فَتَحَهَا، ثُمَّ أَتَى قُرَيَّاتٍ عَلَى الْفُرَاتِ، وَهِيَ جِسْرُ مَنْبِجَ وَمَا يَلِيهَا، فَفَتَحَهَا وَسَارَ إِلَى رَأْسِ عَيْنٍ، وَهِيَ عَيْنُ الْوَرْدَةِ، فَامْتَنَعَتْ عَلَيْهِ وَتَرَكَهَا وَسَارَ إِلَى تَلِّ مَوْزَنَ، فَفَتَحَهَا عَلَى صُلْحِ الرُّهَاءِ سَنَةَ تِسْعَ عَشْرَةَ، وَسَارَ إِلَى آمِدٍ فَحَصَرَهَا، فَقَاتَلَهُ أَهْلُهَا ثُمَّ صَالَحُوهُ عَلَى صُلْحِ الرُّهَاءِ، وَفَتَحَ مَيَّافَارِقِينَ عَلَى مِثْلِ ذَلِكَ، وَكَفْرَتُوثَا، فَسَارَ إِلَى نَصِيبِينَ فَقَاتَلَهُ أَهْلُهَا ثُمَّ صَالَحُوهُ عَلَى مِثْلِ صُلْحِ الرُّهَاءِ، وَفَتَحَ طُورَ عَبْدَيْنِ وَحِصْنَ مَارِدِينَ، وَقَصَدَ الْمَوْصِلَ فَفَتَحَ أَحَدَ الْحِصْنَيْنِ، وَقِيلَ: لَمْ يَصِلْ إِلَيْهَا، وَأَتَاهُ بِطْرِيقُ الزَّوْزَانِ فَصَالَحَهُ، ثُمَّ سَارَ إِلَى أَرْزَنَ فَفَتَحَهَا، وَدَخَلَ الدَّرْبَ فَأَجَازَهُ بَدْلِيسُ وَبَلَغَ خِلَاطَ فَصَالَحَهُ بِطْرِيقُهَا، وَانْتَهَى إِلَى الْعَيْنِ الْحَامِضَةِ مِنْ أَرْمِينِيَّةَ، ثُمَّ عَادَ إِلَى الرَّقَّةِ وَمَضَى إِلَى حِمْصَ فَمَاتَ سَنَةَ عِشْرِينَ. وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عُمَرُ سَعِيدَ بْنَ حِذْيَمٍ، فَلَمْ يَلْبَثْ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا حَتَّى مَاتَ، فَاسْتَعْمَلَ عُمَيْرَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ الْأَنْصَارِيَّ، فَفَتَحَ رَأْسَ عَيْنٍ بَعْدَ قِتَالٍ شَدِيدٍ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ عِيَاضًا أَرْسَلَ عُمَيْرَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ إِلَى رَأْسِ عَيْنٍ فَفَتَحَهَا بَعْدَ أَنِ اشْتَدَّ قِتَالُهُ عَلَيْهَا. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ عُمَرَ أَرْسَلَ أَبَا مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيَّ إِلَى رَأْسِ عَيْنٍ بَعْدَ وَفَاةِ عِيَاضٍ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ حَضَرَ فَتْحَ الْجَزِيرَةِ مَعَ عِيَاضٍ وَدَخَلَ حَمَّامًا بِآمِدٍ فَاطَّلَى بِشَيْءٍ فِيهِ خَمْرٌ فَعَزَلَهُ عُمَرُ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ خَالِدًا لَمْ يَسِرْ تَحْتَ لِوَاءِ أَحَدٍ غَيْرِ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَلَمَّا فَتَحَ عِيَاضٌ سُمَيْسَاطَ بَعَثَ حَبِيبَ بْنَ مَسْلَمَةَ إِلَى مَلَطْيَةَ فَفَتَحَهَا عَنْوَةً، ثُمَّ نَقَضَ أَهْلُهَا الصُّلْحَ، فَلَمَّا وَلِيَ مُعَاوِيَةُ الشَّامَ وَالْجَزِيرَةَ وَجَّهَ إِلَيْهَا حَبِيبَ بْنَ مَسْلَمَةَ أَيْضًا فَفَتَحَهَا عَنْوَةً وَرَتَّبَ فِيهَا جُنْدًا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مَعَ عَامِلِهَا.
Translation
✧ The Conquest of al-Jazīrah and Armenia Ibn Jarīr said: In the year seventeen al-Jazīrah was conquered, according to what Sayf b. ʿUmar said. Ibn Jarīr said: in Dhū al-Ḥijjah of the year seventeen. Thus he agreed with Sayf b. ʿUmar that it was in this year. Ibn Isḥāq said: That was in the year nineteen. The events of the conquest ʿIyāḍ b. Ghanm marched to it, accompanied by Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī, and ʿUmar b. Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ, who was a young boy of small age with no authority over any matter, and ʿUthmān b. Abī al-ʿĀṣ. He sent Suhayl b. ʿAdī to al-Raqqah. The people of al-Jazīrah had dispersed from Ḥimṣ to their districts when they heard about the people of al-Kūfah. He descended upon them and laid siege to them until they made peace with him. They sent about that to ʿIyāḍ, who was in a central encampment within al-Jazīrah, and he accepted it from them and made peace with them, and they became a protected community. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿItbān went out against al-Mawṣil to Naṣībīn. They met him with peace and did as the people of al-Raqqah had done. They wrote to ʿIyāḍ, and he accepted it from them and concluded an agreement for them. Al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah went out and arrived at the Arabs of al-Jazīrah. Their Muslims and their unbelievers rose with him, except Iyād b. Nizār, for they entered the land of the Romans. Al-Walīd wrote about that to ʿUmar. When they took al-Raqqah and Naṣībīn, ʿIyāḍ joined Suhayl and ʿAbd Allāh to himself and marched with the people to Ḥarrān. When he arrived, its people responded to him with the jizyah, and he accepted it from them. Then ʿIyāḍ dispatched Suhayl and ʿAbd Allāh to al-Ruhāʾ. They responded to the two of them with the jizyah, and they made everything they took in al-Jazīrah by force run according to the status of a protected community. Thus al-Jazīrah was the easiest of lands to conquer. Suhayl and ʿAbd Allāh returned to al-Kūfah. Abū ʿUbaydah wrote to ʿUmar after his return from al-Jābiyah, asking him to attach ʿIyāḍ b. Ghanm to him when he took Khālid to al-Madīnah, so he sent him to him. He appointed Ḥabīb b. Maslamah over the non-Arabs of al-Jazīrah and its warfare, and al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah over its Arabs. When al-Walīd's letter reached ʿUmar about the Arabs who had entered the land of the Romans, ʿUmar wrote to the king of the Romans: It has reached me that a clan of the Arab clans has left our abode and come to your abode. By God, you will expel them to us, or we will expel the Christians to you. So the king of the Romans expelled them. Four thousand of them came out, and the rest of them dispersed in the lands of the Romans adjacent to Syria and al-Jazīrah. Every Iyādī in the land of the Arabs is from those four thousand. Al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah refused to accept from Taghlib anything but Islam, so he wrote about them to ʿUmar. ʿUmar wrote to him: That applies only in the Arabian Peninsula; nothing but Islam is accepted from them there. So leave them on condition that they do not baptize a child and do not prevent anyone among them from embracing Islam. There was strength and resistance in Taghlib, so al-Walīd was determined to move against them. ʿUmar feared that he would overpower them, so he dismissed him and appointed over them Furāt b. Ḥayyān and Hind b. ʿAmr al-Jamalī. Ibn Isḥāq said: ʿUmar wrote to Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ: When God opens Syria and Iraq, send an army to al-Jazīrah and appoint over it Khālid b. ʿUrfuṭah or Hāshim b. ʿUtbah or ʿIyāḍ b. Ghanm. Saʿd said: The Commander of the Faithful delayed ʿIyāḍ only because he has an inclination toward him, and I am appointing him. So he dispatched him and sent with him an army that included Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī and his son ʿUmar b. Saʿd, who had no authority over any matter. ʿIyāḍ marched and encamped with his army at al-Ruhāʾ. Its people made peace with him on the same terms as the peace of Ḥarrān. He sent Abū Mūsā to Naṣībīn, and he conquered it. ʿIyāḍ himself marched to Dārā and conquered it. He directed ʿUthmān b. Abī al-ʿĀṣ to Armenia the Fourth, and he fought its people. Ṣafwān b. al-Muʿaṭṭal was martyred, and its people made peace with ʿUthmān in return for the jizyah. Then came the conquest of Caesarea in Palestine and the flight of Heraclius. According to this statement, al-Jazīrah would be among the conquests of the people of Iraq, but the majority hold that it was among the conquests of the people of Syria, for Abū ʿUbaydah dispatched ʿIyāḍ b. Ghanm to al-Jazīrah. It is said: When Abū ʿUbaydah died, he appointed ʿIyāḍ as his successor. ʿUmar's letter reached him appointing him over Ḥimṣ, Qinnasrīn, and al-Jazīrah. He marched to al-Jazīrah in the year eighteen, in the middle of Shaʿbān, with five thousand men. On his right wing was Saʿīd b. ʿĀmir b. Ḥidhyam al-Jumaḥī, on his left wing Ṣafwān b. al-Muʿaṭṭal, and in his vanguard Hubayrah b. Masrūq. ʿIyāḍ's advance guard reached al-Raqqah, and they raided the farmers and besieged the city. ʿIyāḍ dispatched raiding parties, and they brought him captives and food. The siege lasted six days. Its people sought peace, and he made peace with them regarding themselves, their offspring, their wealth, and their city. ʿIyāḍ said: The land is ours; we have trodden it and possessed it. So he confirmed it in their hands in return for the land tax and the imposition of the jizyah. Then he marched to Ḥarrān and placed an army to besiege it, commanded by Ṣafwān b. al-Muʿaṭṭal and Ḥabīb b. Maslamah. He himself marched to al-Ruhāʾ. Its people fought him, then they were defeated, and the Muslims besieged them in their city. Its people sought peace, and he made peace with them. He returned to Ḥarrān and found that Ṣafwān and Ḥabīb had already taken control of fortresses and villages in the districts of Ḥarrān. Its people made peace with him on terms similar to the peace of al-Ruhāʾ. ʿIyāḍ used to raid and return to al-Ruhāʾ. He conquered Sumaysāṭ, and he came to Sarūj, Raʾs Kayfā, and al-Arḍ al-Bayḍāʾ. Their people made peace with him on the peace of al-Ruhāʾ. Then the people of Sumaysāṭ broke their treaty, so ʿIyāḍ returned to them and besieged them until he conquered it. Then he came to small towns on the Euphrates, namely Jisr Manbij and what is adjacent to it, and he conquered them. He marched to Raʾs ʿAyn, which is ʿAyn al-Wardah. It resisted him, so he left it and marched to Tall Mawzan, which he conquered on the peace of al-Ruhāʾ in the year nineteen. He marched to Āmid and besieged it. Its people fought him, then they made peace with him on the peace of al-Ruhāʾ. He conquered Mayyāfāriqīn on the same terms, and Kafartūthā. He marched to Naṣībīn. Its people fought him, then they made peace with him on terms like the peace of al-Ruhāʾ. He conquered Ṭūr ʿAbdīn and the fortress of Māridīn. He headed for al-Mawṣil and conquered one of the two fortresses. It is said: He did not reach it. The patrician of al-Zawzān came to him and made peace with him. Then he marched to Arzan and conquered it. He entered the mountain pass, and Bidlīs granted him passage. He reached Khilāṭ, and its patrician made peace with him. He arrived at al-ʿAyn al-Ḥāmiḍah in Armenia. Then he returned to al-Raqqah and went on to Ḥimṣ, where he died in the year twenty. ʿUmar appointed Saʿīd b. Ḥidhyam, but he remained only a short while before he died. So ʿUmar appointed ʿUmayr b. Saʿd al-Anṣārī, and he conquered Raʾs ʿAyn after fierce fighting. It is said: ʿIyāḍ sent ʿUmayr b. Saʿd to Raʾs ʿAyn, and he conquered it after the fighting against it became intense. It is said: ʿUmar sent Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī to Raʾs ʿAyn after the death of ʿIyāḍ. It is said: Khālid b. al-Walīd was present at the conquest of al-Jazīrah with ʿIyāḍ and entered a bath in Āmid, where he anointed himself with something containing wine, so ʿUmar dismissed him. It is said: Khālid never marched under the banner of anyone other than Abū ʿUbaydah. And God knows best. When ʿIyāḍ conquered Sumaysāṭ, he sent Ḥabīb b. Maslamah to Malaṭyah, and he conquered it by force. Then its people broke the peace. When Muʿāwiyah was appointed over Syria and al-Jazīrah, he again dispatched Ḥabīb b. Maslamah to it, and he conquered it by force and stationed in it a garrison of Muslims along with its governor.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.