Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1854
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
خِلَافَةُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ. تُوُفِّيَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ ؓ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّالِثَةَ عَشْرَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَأَوْصَى بِالْخِلَافَةِ لِعُمَرَ ؓ، وَقَدْ رَضِيَ الصَّحَابَةُ بَيْعَتَهُ، فَلَمَّا وَلِيَ الْخِلَافَةَ ؓ كَانَ أَوَّلَ مَا قَامَ بِهِ أَنَّهُ عَزَلَ خَالِدًا عَنْ قِيَادَةِ الْجَيْشِ وَوَلَّى أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ ؓ وَذَلِكَ عَنْ غَيْرِ خِيَانَةٍ وَلَا عَجْزٍ وَإِنَّمَا خَشِيَ أَنْ يُفْتَنَ النَّاسُ بِهِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ قَدْ نَقَمَ عَلَيْهِ أَشْيَاءَ أَثْنَاءَ جِهَادِهِ هِيَ أَخْطَاءٌ لَهَا ظُرُوفُهَا التَّارِيخِيَّةُ. وَفِي هَذَا الْعَامِ بَعَثَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ خَالِدًا فَافْتَتَحَ الْبِقَاعَ بِالسَّيْفِ. كَمَا كَانَتْ مَعْرَكَةُ فِحْلٍ وَفَتْحُ بَيْسَانَ وَطَبَرِيَّةَ، وَفِيهِ جَاءَ الْمُثَنَّى بْنُ حَارِثَةَ إِلَى الصِّدِّيقِ يَسْتَمِدُّهُ خَشْيَةً عَلَى الْعِرَاقِ بَعْدَ أَنْ خَرَجَ خَالِدٌ بِعَدَدٍ مِنَ الْجَيْشِ إِلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ فِي الشَّامِ فَوَجَدَ أَبَا بَكْرٍ فِي مَرَضِ الْمَوْتِ وَقَدْ أَوْصَى عُمَرَ بِأَنْ يَنْدُبَ النَّاسَ إِلَى الْخُرُوجِ مَعَ الْمُثَنَّى إِلَى الْعِرَاقِ فَقَامَ عُمَرُ فَنَدَبَ النَّاسَ أَيَّامًا فَلَمْ يَنْهَضْ أَحَدٌ حَتَّى قَامَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ الثَّقَفِيُّ ثُمَّ تَتَابَعَ النَّاسُ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ فَأَمَّرَهُ عُمَرُ عَلَى الْجَيْشِ. وَفِيهِ كَانَ اضْطِرَابُ مِلْكِ الْفُرْسِ وَكَانَ مِنْ آخِرِ أَمْرِهِمْ أَنِ اجْتَمَعُوا عَلَى يَزْدَجِرْدَ وَنَقَضَ أَهْلُ السَّوَادِ عَهْدَهُمْ وَخَفَرُوا ذِمَمَهُمْ. وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ كَانَتْ مَعْرَكَةُ النَّمَارِقِ وَالسَّقَاطِيَّةِ بِكَسْكَرَ، وَوَقْعَةُ الْجِسْرِ وَالَّتِي انْحَازَ فِيهَا الْمُسْلِمُونَ بَعْدَمَا قُتِلَ مِنْهُمْ عَدَدٌ أَكْثَرُهُمْ غَرَقًا وَقُتِلَ فِيهَا أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ الثَّقَفِيُّ الْأَمِيرُ، وَقَدِ اقْتَصَّ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فِي مَعْرَكَةِ الْبُوَيْبِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ أُلْيَسُ الصُّغْرَى، وَفِيهَا أَرْسَلَ عُمَرُ سَعْدَ بْنَ أَبِي وَقَاصٍّ ؓ أَمِيرًا عَلَى الْعِرَاقِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ سُوقِ الْخَنَافِسِ وَسُوقِ بَغْدَادَ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ أَرْبَعَةَ عَشَرَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَفِيهَا كَانَ فَتْحُ دِمَشْقَ عَلَى الرَّاجِحِ وَذَلِكَ بَعْدَ حِصَارِهَا وَقَدِ اخْتُلِفَ فِي فَتْحِهَا هَلْ كَانَ صُلْحًا أَمْ عَنْوَةً وَرَجَّحَ الْكَثِيرُونَ أَنَّ نِصْفَهَا صُلْحًا وَنِصْفَهَا عَنْوَةً. وَفِي هَذَا الْعَامِ كَانَتْ مَعْرَكَةُ الْقَادِسِيَّةِ وَأَيَّامُهَا يَوْمَ أَرْمَاثَ، وَيَوْمَ أَغَوَاثٍ، وَيَوْمَ عِمَاسَ وَلَيْلَةَ الْهَرِيرِ وَيَوْمَ الْقَادِسِيَّةِ وَالَّذِي كَانَ فِيهِ الْفَتْحُ مِنَ اللَّهِ سُبْحَانَهُ عَلَى عِبَادِهِ الْمُوَحِّدِينَ. وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ وِلَايَةُ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ غَزْوَانَ عَلَى الْبَصْرَةِ، وَجَمَعَ عُمْرُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى صَلَاةِ التَّرَاوِيحِ فِي رَمَضَانَ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ مَعْرَكَةُ مَرْجِ رَاهِطٍ، وَفَتْحُ حِمْصٍ وَحَمَاةَ وَبَعْلَبَكَّ وَاللَّاذِقِيَّةِ وَالْعَدِيدِ مِنَ الْبُلْدَانِ وَالْقُرَى، وَفَتْحُ قِنَّسْرِينَ وَدُخُولُ هِرَقْلَ الْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّةَ، وَفَتْحُ حَلَبٍ وَأَنْطَاكِيَةَ وَغَيْرِهَا، وَفَتْحُ قَيْسَارِيَّةَ وَحَصْرُ غَزَّةَ، وَمَسِيرُ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ إِلَى إِيلِيَاءَ، وَمَعْرَكَةُ أَجْنَادِينَ، وَفَتْحُ بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ عَلَى يَدِ عُمَرَ ؓ، وَفَرْضُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ الْعَطَاءَ وَالْفُرُوضَ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ سِتَّةَ عَشَرَ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ فَتْحُ مَدِينَتَيْ بَهُرَسِيرَ وَالْمَدَائِنِ، وَمَعْرَكَةُ جَلُولَاءَ، وَقَدْ فَتَحَ اللَّهُ فِيهَا عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَفَتْحُ حُلْوَانَ عَلَى يَدِ الْقَعْقَاعِ، وَفَتْحُ تَكْرِيتَ وَالْمَوْصِلِ، وَفَتْحُ مَاسَبَذَانَ، وَفَتْحُ قَرْقِيسِيَاءَ وَهِيتَ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ اعْتِمَادُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ التَّقْوِيمَ الْهِجْرِيَّ، وَكَانَتْ بِدَايَتُهُ مِنْ شَهْرِ اللَّهِ الْمُحَرَّمِ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ سَبْعَ عَشْرَةَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَفِيهَا كَانَ بِنَاءُ الْكُوفَةِ وَالْبَصْرَةِ وَذَلِكَ بَعْدَمَا رَأَى عُمَرُ مِنْ تَغَيُّرِ أَلْوَانِ مَنْ أَتَاهُ مِنَ الْجَيْشِ، فَأَمَرَ سَعْدًا أَنْ يُرْسِلَ سَلْمَانَ وَحُذَيْفَةَ رَائِدَيْنِ فَلْيَرْتَادَا مَنْزِلًا بَرِّيًّا بَحْرِيًّا لَيْسَ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ فِيهِ بَحْرٌ وَلَا جِسْرٌ. وَقَدْ نَزَلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ بِهِمَا وَسَكَنَ سَعْدًا الْكُوفَةَ. وَفِيهَا كَانَ إِعَانَةُ عُمَرَ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ ؓ وَأَهْلَ حِمْصٍ بَعْدَ حِصَارِ الرُّومِ لَهُمْ، وَقُدُومُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ إِلَى الشَّامِ، وَفَتْحُ الْجَزِيرَةِ وَأَرْمِينِيَّةَ، وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ تَوْسِعَةُ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ وَتَجْدِيدُ أَنْصَابِ الْحَرَمِ، وَفَتْحُ الْأَهْوَازِ وَمَنَاذِرَ وَنَهَرَ تِيرَى، وَصُلْحُ الْهُرْمُزَانِ وَأَهْلِ تُسْتَرَ مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَغَزْوُ بِلَادِ فَارِسَ مِنْ نَاحِيَةِ الْبَحْرَيْنِ، وَعَزْلُ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ ؓ عَنْ وِلَايَةِ الْكُوفَةِ، عَنْ غَيْرِ عَجْزٍ أَوْ خِيَانَةٍ وَذَلِكَ لَمَّا شَكَوْهُ أَهْلُهَا، وَعَزْلُ الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ شُعْبَةَ عَنْ وِلَايَةِ الْبَصْرَةِ بَعْدَمَا اتُّهِمَ خَطَأً عَلَى أُمِّ جَمِيلٍ، وَتَوْلِيَةُ أَبِي مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيِّ، وَفَتْحُ رَامَهُرْمُزَ وَتُسْتَرَ وَأَسْرُ الْهُرْمُزَانِ، وَفَتْحُ السُّوسِ وَالْقُدُومُ بِالْهُرْمُزَانِ عَلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ بِالْمَدِينَةِ، وَفَتْحُ وَمُصَالَحَةُ أَهْلِ جُنْدِيْسَابُورَ، وَإِذْنُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي الِانْسِيَاحِ فِي بِلَادِ فَارِسَ، وَوُقُوعُ طَاعُونِ عَمْوَاسَ، وَعَزْلُ خَالِدٍ ؓ عَنَ الْجَيْشِ وَقُدُومُهُ الْمَدِينَةَ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ زَوَاجُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ بِأُمِّ كُلْثُومٍ بِنْتِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ؓ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ ثَمَانِيَ عَشْرَةَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَفِيهَا كَانَ عَامُ الرَّمَادَةِ، حَيْثُ وَقَعَ الْقَحْطُ فِي الشَّامِ وَالْحِجَازِ حَتَّى أَرْسَلَ عُمَرُ إِلَى أُمَرَاءِ الْأَمْصَارِ يَسْتَمِدُّهُمْ مِنَ الْبَصْرَةِ وَمِصْرَ وَاسْتَسْقَى عُمَرُ النَّاسَ وَتَوَسَّلَ بِدُعَاءِ الْعَبَّاسِ عَمِّ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَفِيهَا تُوُفِّيَ عَدَدٌ كَبِيرٌ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ وَالنَّاسِ فِي طَاعُونِ عَمْوَاسَ بَلَغُوا قُرَابَةَ خَمْسَةٍ وَعِشْرِينَ أَلْفًا، وَفِيهَا كَانَ تَحْوِيلُ عُمَرَ الْمَقَامِ إِلَى مَوْضِعِهِ الْيَوْمَ وَكَانَ مُلْصَقًا بِالْبَيْتِ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ تِسْعَ عَشْرَةَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَفِيهَا كَانَ ظُهُورُ نَارٍ مِنْ حَرَّةِ لَيْلَى فَأَمَرَ عُمَرُ النَّاسَ بِالصَّدَقَةِ فَفَعَلُوا فَأَطْفَأَهَا اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ، وَفِيهَا كَانَتُ تَوْسِعَةُ الْمَسْجِدِ النَّبَوِيِّ فَزَادَ فِي مُقَدَّمِهِ وَزَادَ فِي نَاحِيَةِ دَارِ مَرْوَانَ، وَعُمِلَ سَقْفُهُ بِالْجَرِيدِ، وَجُعِلَ عُمُدَهُ الْخَشَبُ، وَقِيلَ: هَذَا بَابٌ لِلنِّسَاءِ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ عِشْرِينَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ فَتْحُ مِصْرَ وَالْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةِ وَغَزْوُ النُّوبَةِ عَلَى خِلَافٍ بَيْنِ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ فِي زَمَنِ فَتْحِهَا فَقَدْ جَعَلَهَا بَعْضُهُمْ عَامَ سِتَّةَ عَشَرَ نَظَرًا لِقِصَّةٍ بَعْثِ عَمْرٍو الْمِيرَةَ مِنْ مِصْرَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ عَامَ الرَّمَادَةِ، وَبِفَتْحِهَا أَزَالَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ عَنْهُمْ عَادَتَهُمُ السَّيِّئَةَ مِنْ إِلْقَاءِ جَارِيَةٍ فِي النِّيلِ كُلَّ عَامٍ فِي الثَّانِي عَشَرَ مِنْ شَهْرِ بَؤُنَةَ حَتَّى يَفِيضَ النِّيلُ لَهُمْ فَمَنَعَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ وَأَفَاضَهُمُ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ لَهُمْ، وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّ عُمَرَ أَرْسَلَ بِطَاقَةً فَأُلْقِيَتْ فِي النِّيلِ فَأَفَاضَهُ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ. وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ زُلْزِلَتِ الْمَدِينَةُ فَقَالَ عُمَرُ ؓ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، مَا أَسْرَعَ مَا أَحْدَثْتُمْ، لَئِنْ عَادَتْ لَا أُسَاكِنُكُمْ فِيهَا. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ إِحْدَى وَعِشْرِينَ، وَفِيهَا مِنَ الْأَحْدَاثِ: مَعْرَكَةُ نَهَاوَنْدَ، وَفَتْحُ أَصْبَهَانَ، وَفَتْحُ قُمَّ وَقَاشَانَ وَكَرْمَانَ وَبَرْقَةَ وَزُوَيْلَةَ، وَالدِّينَوَرُ وَالصَّيْمَرَةَ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ ضَرْبُ الدَّرَاهِمِ عَلَى نَقْشِ الْكِسْرَوِيَّةِ، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ جُعِلَ فِيهَا اسْمُ اللَّهِ، فَبَعْضُهَا كُتِبَ فِيهِ: "الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ"، وَبَعْضُهَا: "مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ"، وَبَعْضُهَا: "لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ" وَبَعْضُهَا "عُمَرُ" وَتَوْلِيَةُ عَمَّارِ بْنِ يَاسِرٍ الْكُوفَةَ، وَعَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ عَلَى بَيْتِ مَالِهَا، وَعُثْمَانَ بْنِ حَنِيفٍ مِسَاحَةَ الْأَرْضِ وَتَكْرَارُ شَكْوَى أَهْلِهَا لِوُلَاتِهِمْ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ ثِنْتَيْنِ وَعِشْرِينَ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ فَتْحُ الرَّيِّ، وَقُومِسَ، وَجُرْجَانَ، وَأَذْرَبِيجَانَ، وَالْبَابِ وَمُوقَانَ، وَبِلَادِ خُرَاسَانَ، وَقَزْوِينَ وَزَنْجَانَ، وَطَبَرِسْتَانَ، وَشَهْرُزُورَ وَالصَّامِغَانِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ غَزْوُ التُّرْكِ. وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ أَسْرِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ حُذَافَةَ ؓ مِنْ قِبَلِ الرُّومِ وَقِصَّتُهُ مَعَ مِلْكِ الرُّومِ وَاسْتِنْقَاذِ أَسْرَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ بَعْدَ تَقْبِيلِ رَأْسِ مَلِكِ الرُّومِ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ ثَلَاثٌ وَعِشْرِينَ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ فَتْحُ إِصْطَخْرَ وَجَوْرَ وَعَدَدٌ مِنَ الْقُرَى وَالْمُدُنِ، وَفَتْحُ تَوَّجَ، وَفَتْحُ فَسَا وَدَارَابْجِرْدَ، وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ قِصَّةُ سَارِيَةَ بْنِ زُنَيْمٍ، حِينَمَا نَادَاهُ عُمَرُ وَهُوَ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ يَا سَارِيَةَ الْجَبَلَ الْجَبَلَ، وَهِيَ مِنْ كَرَامَاتِ عُمَرَ ؓ. وَفِيهَا كَانَ فَتْحُ كَرْمَانَ، وَسِجِسْتَانَ، وَمُكْرَانَ، وَغَزْوَةُ الْأَكْرَادِ، وَفِيهَا حَجَّ عُمَرُ ؓ بِأَزْوَاجِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَهِيَ آخِرُ حَجَّةٍ حَجَّهَا بِالنَّاسِ. وَفَاةُ عُمَرَ ؓ وَشَيْءٌ مِنْ تَرْجَمَتِهِ: وَفِيهَا تُوُفِّيَ عُمَرُ ؓ عَلَى يَدِ أَبِي لُؤْلُؤَةَ الْمَجُوسِيِّ غُلَامِ الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ شُعْبَةَ، وَكَانَ عُمَرُ لَا يَأْذَنُ لِصَبِيٍّ قَدِ احْتَلَمَ فِي دُخُولِ الْمَدِينَةِ، حَتَّى كَتَبَ الْمُغِيرَةُ وَهُوَ عَلَى الْكُوفَةِ يَذْكُرُ لَهُ غُلَامًا عِنْدَهُ صَنَعًا، وَيَسْتَأْذِنُهُ أَنْ يُدْخِلَهُ الْمَدِينَةَ، وَيَقُولُ: إِنَّ عِنْدَهُ أَعْمَالًا كَثِيرَةً فِيهَا مَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ; إِنَّهُ حَدَّادٌ نَقَّاشٌ نَجَّارٌ، فَأَذِنَ لَهُ أَنْ يُرْسِلَ بِهِ إِلَيْهِ. فَخَرَجَ عُمَرُ يَطُوفُ يَوْمًا فِي السُّوقِ، فَلَقِيَهُ أَبُو لُؤْلُؤَةَ غُلَامُ الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ شُعْبَةَ وَاسْمُهُ: فَيْرُوزُ وَكَانَ نَصْرَانِيًّا فَشَكَى الْمُغِيرَةَ بْنَ شُعْبَةَ فِي مَا وَضَعَهُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَرَاجٍ فَقَالَ لَهُ عُمَرُ ؓ: فَمَا أَرَى خَرَاجَكَ كَثِيرًا عَلَى مَا تَصْنَعُ مِنَ الْأَعْمَالِ، قَدْ بَلَغَنِي أَنَّكَ تَقُولُ: لَوْ أَرَدْتُ أَنْ أَصْنَعَ رَحًى تَطْحَنُ بِالرِّيحِ لَفَعَلْتُ! قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: فَاعْمَلْ لِي رَحًى. قَالَ: لَئِنْ سَلِمْتَ لَأَعْمَلَنَّ لَكَ رَحًى يَتَحَدَّثُ بِهَا مَنْ بِالْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ! ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ عَنْهُ. فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: لَقَدْ أَوْعَدَنِي الْعَبْدُ الْآنَ. فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحَ خَرَجَ عُمَرُ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ وَكَانَ يُوَكِّلُ بِالصُّفُوفِ رِجَالًا فَإِذَا اسْتَوَتْ كَبَّرَ، حَتَّى إِذَا لَمْ يَرَ فِيهِنَّ ظِلًّا تَقَدَّمَ، فَكَبَّرُوا، وَرُبَّمَا قَرَأَ سُورَةَ يُوسُفَ أَوِ النَّحْلَ أَوْ نَحْوَ ذَلِكَ فِي الرَّكْعَةِ الْأُولَى، حَتَّى يَجْتَمِعَ النَّاسُ وَدَخَلَ أَبُو لُؤْلُؤَةَ فِي النَّاسِ وَبِيَدِهِ خِنْجَرٌ لَهُ رَأْسَانِ نِصَابُهُ فِي وَسَطِهِ، فَضَرَبَ عُمَرَ سِتَّ ضَرَبَاتٍ إِحْدَاهُنَّ تَحْتَ سُرَّتِهِ وَهِيَ الَّتِي قَتَلَتْهُ ؓ. التَّعْرِيفُ بِعُمَرَ ؓ: هُوَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ بْنِ نُفَيْلِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعُزَّى بْنِ رِيَاحِ بْنِ قُرْطِ بْنِ رِزَاحِ بْنِ عَدِيِّ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ لُؤَيٍّ، أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، أَبُو حَفْصٍ، الْقُرَشِيُّ، الْعَدَوِيُّ، الْفَارُوقُ. وُلِدَ بَعْدَ حَادِثَةِ الْفِيلِ بِثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ سَنَةً، وَأَسْلَمَ وَعُمْرُهُ سَبْعٌ وَعِشْرُونَ سَنَةً، فِي السَّنَةِ السَّادِسَةِ مِنَ النُّبُوَّةِ، وَكَانَ مِنْ سَادَاتِ قُرَيْشٍ فَكَانَتِ السِّفَارَةُ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ. وَقَدْ دَعَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَنْ يُعَزَّ الْإِسْلَامُ بِأَحَبِّ الْعُمَرَيْنِ إِلَيْهِ، فَأَصَابَتْهُ دَعْوَةُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَأَسْلَمَ، وَذَكَرَ الْعُلَمَاءُ عِدَّةَ رِوَايَاتٍ فِي قِصَّةِ إِسْلَامِهِ. وَهَاجَرَ جَهْرًا عَلَى عِلْمٍ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ وَهَاجَرَ مَعَهُ بَعْضُ الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ فَلَمْ يَجْرُؤْ أَحَدٌ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ أَنْ يَتَعَرَّضَ لَهُ. وَفَضَائِلُهُ فِي الْوَرَى مَشْهُورَةٌ، وَفِي كُتُبِ الْعُلَمَاءِ مَنْثُورَةٌ، وَعَلَى أَلْسِنَةِ الْبُلَغَاءِ مَنْشُورَةٌ، فَهُوَ الَّذِي يَفِرُّ مِنْهُ الشَّيْطَانُ فَمَا سَلَكَ وَادِيًا أَوْ فَجًّا إِلَّا سَلَكَ الشَّيْطَانُ آخَرَ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي نَزَلَ الْقُرْآنُ مُوَافِقًا لَهُ فِي غَيْرِ مَا حَادِثَةٍ وَمَوْضِعٍ، وَلَهُ مِنَ الْكَرَامَاتِ وَالْأَوَّلِيَّاتِ الْكَثِيرُ فَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ دَوَّنَ الدَّوَاوِينَ وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ أَرَّخَ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ لُقِّبَ بِأَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ عَسَّ بِاللَّيْلِ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ..إِلَى غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْأَوَّلِيَّاتِ. وَلَمَّا مَاتَ عُمَرُ ؓ جَعَلَ الْأَمْرَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ شُورَى فِي سِتَّةٍ مِنْ أَفَاضِلِ الصَّحَابَةِ الْمَشْهُودِ لَهُمْ بِالْجَنَّةِ وَمَنْ مَاتَ عَنْهُمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَهُوَ رَاضٍ، فَجَعَلَهَا فِي عُثْمَانَ، وَعَلِيٍّ، وَسَعْدٍ، وَالزُّبَيْرِ، وَطَلْحَةَ، وَعَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ عَوْفٍ ؓ جَمِيعًا.
Translation
✧ The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ. Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ؓ died in the thirteenth year of the Hijrah and bequeathed the caliphate to ʿUmar ؓ, and the Companions approved of his pledge of allegiance. When he assumed the caliphate ؓ, the first thing he did was dismiss Khālid from command of the army and appoint Abū ʿUbaydah ؓ, not because of any betrayal or incapacity, but because he feared that people would be tempted by him, even though he had censured him for some things during his jihād that were errors with their own historical circumstances. In that year Abū ʿUbaydah sent Khālid and he conquered al-Biqāʿ by the sword. There also occurred the Battle of Fiḥl, the conquest of Baysān and Ṭabariyyah. During it, al-Muthannā b. Ḥārithah came to al-Ṣiddīq seeking reinforcements out of fear for Iraq after Khālid had departed with a number of troops to join Abū ʿUbaydah in Syria, and he found Abū Bakr in his mortal illness. He had bequeathed to ʿUmar that he should urge the people to go out with al-Muthannā to Iraq. So ʿUmar rose and urged the people for several days, yet no one stirred until Abū ʿUbaydah b. Masʿūd al-Thaqafī stood up, then people followed after him, and ʿUmar appointed him over the army. In it also occurred the disorder of the Persian kingdom, and among the last of their affairs was that they agreed upon Yazdajird, and the people of the Sawād broke their covenant and violated their protection. In that year occurred the Battle of al-Namāriq and al-Sāqāṭiyyah at Kaskar, and the Battle of al-Jisr in which the Muslims withdrew after a number of them were killed, most by drowning, and Abū ʿUbaydah b. Masʿūd al-Thaqafī, the commander, was killed. The Muslims retaliated in the Battle of al-Buwayb, in which occurred the lesser Ullays. In it ʿUmar sent Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ ؓ as governor over Iraq, and in it occurred the Battle of Sūq al-Khanāfis and Sūq Baghdād. Then entered the year fourteen of the Hijrah, in which occurred the conquest of Damascus according to the more correct view, after its siege. There was disagreement over its conquest, whether it was by treaty or by force, and many held that half was by treaty and half by force. In that year occurred the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, with its days: the Day of Armāth, the Day of Aghwāth, the Day of ʿImās, the Night of al-Harīr, and the Day of al-Qādisiyyah, in which came the victory from God (glorified be He) upon His monotheistic servants. In it occurred the governorship of ʿUtbah b. Ghazwān over al-Baṣrah, and ʿUmar gathered the Muslims for the Tarāwīḥ prayer in Ramaḍān. Then entered the year fifteen of the Hijrah, in which occurred the Battle of Marj Rāhiṭ, the conquest of Ḥimṣ, Ḥamāh, Baʿlabakk, al-Lādhiqiyyah and many lands and villages, the conquest of Qinnasrīn, the entry of Heraclius into Constantinople, the conquest of Aleppo, Antioch and others, the conquest of Caesarea and the siege of Gaza, the march of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ to Iliyāʾ, the Battle of Ajnādayn, the conquest of Jerusalem at the hand of ʿUmar ؓ, and ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb's establishment of stipends and allowances for the Muslims. Then entered the year sixteen, in which occurred the conquest of the two cities of Bahurasīr and al-Madāʾin, the Battle of Jalūlāʾ, in which God granted victory to the Muslims, the conquest of Ḥulwān at the hand of al-Qaʿqāʿ, the conquest of Takrīt and al-Mawṣil, the conquest of Māsabadhān, the conquest of Qarqīsiyāʾ and Hīt, and in it ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ adopted the Hijrī calendar, beginning it with the month of God, al-Muḥarram. Then entered the year seventeen of the Hijrah, in which occurred the building of al-Kūfah and al-Baṣrah, after ʿUmar observed the change in the complexions of those who came to him from the army. He commanded Saʿd to send Salmān and Ḥudhayfah as scouts to seek out a dwelling place on land and near water, with no sea or bridge between me and you. The Muslims settled in both, and Saʿd resided in al-Kūfah. In it occurred ʿUmar's aid to Abū ʿUbaydah ؓ and the people of Ḥimṣ after the Byzantines besieged them, the arrival of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ in Syria, the conquest of al-Jazīrah and Armenia, the expansion of the Sacred Mosque and the renewal of the boundary markers of the sanctuary, the conquest of al-Ahwāz, Manādhir and Nahr Tīrā, the peace of al-Hurmuzān and the people of Tustar with the Muslims, the raiding of the lands of Persia from the direction of al-Baḥrayn, the dismissal of Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ ؓ from the governorship of al-Kūfah, not due to incapacity or betrayal, but because its people complained against him, the dismissal of al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah from the governorship of al-Baṣrah after he was falsely accused regarding Umm Jamīl, the appointment of Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī, the conquest of Rāmahurmuz and Tustar and the capture of al-Hurmuzān, the conquest of al-Sūs, the bringing of al-Hurmuzān before ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ in Madinah, the conquest of and treaty with the people of Jundaysābūr, ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb's ؓ permission for the Muslims to spread through the lands of Persia, the occurrence of the plague of ʿAmwās, the dismissal of Khālid ؓ from the army and his arrival in Madinah, and in it occurred the marriage of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb to Umm Kulthūm bt. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib ؓ. Then entered the year eighteen of the Hijrah, which was the Year of al-Ramādah, when famine occurred in Syria and the Ḥijāz, so that ʿUmar sent to the governors of the garrison towns seeking aid from al-Baṣrah and Egypt. ʿUmar led the people in prayer for rain and sought intercession through the supplication of al-ʿAbbās, the paternal uncle of the Prophet ﷺ. In it a great number of Companions and people died in the plague of ʿAmwās, reaching about twenty-five thousand. In it occurred ʿUmar's moving the Maqām to its present location, as it had been attached to the House before that. Then entered the year nineteen of the Hijrah, in which a fire appeared from the Ḥarrah of Laylā. ʿUmar commanded the people to give charity, and they did so, and God (glorified be He) extinguished it. In it occurred the expansion of the Prophet's Mosque, adding to its front and adding on the side of the house of Marwān, and its roof was made with palm branches and its pillars of wood. It is said this was a door for women. Then entered the year twenty of the Hijrah, in which occurred the conquest of Egypt and Alexandria and the raiding of Nubia, with disagreement among the scholars over the time of its conquest. Some placed it in the year sixteen, based on the story of ʿAmr sending provisions from Egypt to Madinah in the Year of al-Ramādah. With its conquest, God (glorified be He) removed from them their evil custom of throwing a girl into the Nile every year on the twelfth of the month of Baʾūnah so that the Nile would flood for them. The Muslims forbade them, and God (glorified be He) made it flood for them. It is said that ʿUmar sent a card that was thrown into the Nile, and God made it flood for them. In that year Madinah was shaken by an earthquake, and ʿUmar ؓ said: "O people, how quickly you have introduced new things. If it returns, I will not dwell among you in it." Then entered the year twenty-one, and among its events: the Battle of Nahāwand, the conquest of Iṣbahān, the conquest of Qumm, Qāshān, Kirmān, Barqah, Zuwaylah, al-Dīnawar and al-Ṣaymarah. In it silver coins were struck bearing the Kisrāwī design, except that the name of God was placed on them. On some was written: "Praise be to God," on some: "Muḥammad is the Messenger of God," on some: "There is no god but God," and on some: "ʿUmar." Also the appointment of ʿAmmār b. Yāsir over al-Kūfah, ʿAbd Allāh b. Masʿūd over its treasury, and ʿUthmān b. Ḥanīf over land surveying, and the repeated complaints of its people against their governors. Then entered the year twenty-two, in which occurred the conquest of al-Rayy, Qūmis, Jurjān, Adharbayjān, al-Bāb, Mūqān, the lands of Khurāsān, Qazwīn, Zanjān, Ṭabaristān, Shahrazūr and al-Ṣāmighān, and in it occurred the raiding of the Turks. In it occurred the incident of the capture of ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥudhāfah ؓ by the Byzantines, his story with the king of the Byzantines, and the rescue of the Muslim captives after kissing the head of the king of the Byzantines. Then entered the year twenty-three, in which occurred the conquest of Iṣṭakhr, Jawr and a number of villages and cities, the conquest of Tawwaj, the conquest of Fasā and Dārābjird, and in it occurred the story of Sāriyah b. Zunaym, when ʿUmar called out to him while he was in Madinah on the pulpit: "O Sāriyah, the mountain, the mountain!" This is among the miracles of ʿUmar ؓ. In it occurred the conquest of Kirmān, Sijistān and Mukrān, and the raid against the Kurds. In it ʿUmar ؓ performed the Ḥajj with the wives of the Prophet ﷺ, and it was the last Ḥajj he led the people in. The death of ʿUmar ؓ and something of his biography: In it ʿUmar ؓ died at the hand of Abū Luʾluʾah the Magian, the slave of al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah. ʿUmar would not permit any boy who had reached puberty to enter Madinah, until al-Mughīrah, while governor of al-Kūfah, wrote to him mentioning a slave he had who was a craftsman, asking permission to bring him into Madinah. He said: "He has many skills of benefit to people; he is a blacksmith, an engraver and a carpenter." So ʿUmar permitted him to send him to him. One day ʿUmar went out walking in the market, and Abū Luʾluʾah, the slave of al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah, whose name was Fayrūz and who was a Christian, met him and complained about al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah regarding the tax he had imposed on him. ʿUmar ؓ said to him: "I do not think your tax is much for the work you do. It has reached me that you say: 'If I wanted to make a mill that grinds by wind, I would do it.'" He said: "Yes." He said: "Then make me a mill." He said: "If you remain safe, I will make you a mill that the people of the East and the West will talk about." Then he turned away from him. ʿUmar said: "The slave has just threatened me." When morning came, ʿUmar went out to the prayer. He used to appoint men to arrange the rows, and when they were straight he would say the takbīr. When he saw no gap in them he would advance and say the takbīr. Sometimes he would recite Sūrah Yūsuf or al-Naḥl or the like in the first rakʿah so that the people could gather. Abū Luʾluʾah entered among the people with a dagger in his hand that had two heads with its handle in the middle, and he struck ʿUmar six blows, one of them below his navel, which was the one that killed him ؓ. Introduction to ʿUmar ؓ: He is ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb b. Nufayl b. ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā b. Riyāḥ b. Qurṭ b. Rizāḥ b. ʿAdī b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy, Commander of the Faithful, Abū Ḥafṣ, al-Qurashī, al-ʿAdawī, al-Fārūq. He was born thirteen years after the incident of the Elephant, and he embraced Islam at the age of twenty-seven, in the sixth year of the Prophethood. He was one of the leaders of Quraysh, and he held the office of ambassador in the Jāhiliyyah. The Prophet ﷺ supplicated that Islam be strengthened by the more beloved of the two ʿUmars to him, and the supplication of the Prophet ﷺ reached him, so he embraced Islam. The scholars have mentioned several narrations regarding the story of his conversion. He emigrated openly, with the knowledge of Quraysh, and some of the weak Muslims emigrated with him, and none of Quraysh dared to oppose him. His virtues are well known among people, scattered in the books of scholars, and proclaimed on the tongues of the eloquent. He is the one from whom Satan flees; he never traversed a valley or a mountain pass but Satan took another. He is the one with whom the Qurʾān was revealed in agreement in more than one incident and place. He has many miracles and firsts: he was the first to establish the registers, the first to set a calendar for the Muslims, the first to be titled Commander of the Faithful, and the first to patrol at night for the Muslims, among other firsts. When ʿUmar ؓ died, he made the matter after him a consultative council among six of the most virtuous Companions, who were given the good tidings of Paradise and of whom the Prophet ﷺ died while pleased with them. He placed it in ʿUthmān, ʿAlī, Saʿd, al-Zubayr, Ṭalḥah and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf ؓ all together.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.