Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1619
Mention of Year Nine and Its Designation as the Year of Delegations
قَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ: بَابُ بَعْثِ أَبِي مُوسَى وَمُعَاذٍ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ قَبْلَ حَجَّةِ الْوَدَاعِ، حَدَّثَنَا مُوسَى، ثَنَا أَبُو عَوَانَةَ، ثَنَا عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ، عَنْ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ قَالَ: بَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَبَا مُوسَى وَمُعَاذَ بْنَ جَبَلٍ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ. قَالَ: وَبَعَثَ كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا عَلَى مِخْلَافٍ. قَالَ: وَالْيَمَنُ مِخْلَافَانِ. ثُمَّ قَالَ: " يَسِّرَا وَلَا تُعَسِّرَا، وَبَشِّرَا وَلَا تُنَفِّرَا ". - وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: " وَتَطَاوَعَا وَلَا تَخْتَلِفَا " - فَانْطَلَقَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا إِلَى عَمَلِهِ قَالَ: وَكَانَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا إِذَا سَارَ فِي أَرْضِهِ، وَكَانَ قَرِيبًا مِنْ صَاحِبِهِ أَحْدَثَ بِهِ عَهْدًا، فَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ، فَسَارَ مُعَاذٌ فِي أَرْضِهِ قَرِيبًا مِنْ صَاحِبِهِ أَبِي مُوسَى فَجَاءَ يَسِيرُ عَلَى بَغْلَتِهِ حَتَّى انْتَهَى إِلَيْهِ، فَإِذَا هُوَ جَالِسٌ وَقَدِ اجْتَمَعَ إِلَيْهِ النَّاسُ، وَإِذَا رَجُلٌ عِنْدَهُ قَدْ جُمِعَتْ يَدَاهُ إِلَى عُنُقِهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ مُعَاذٌ: يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ قَيْسٍ، أَيُّمَ هَذَا ؟ قَالَ: هَذَا رَجُلٌ كَفَرَ بَعْدَ إِسْلَامِهِ. قَالَ: لَا أَنْزِلُ حَتَّى يُقْتَلَ. قَالَ: إِنَّمَا جِيءَ بِهِ لِذَلِكَ، فَانْزِلْ. قَالَ: مَا أَنْزِلُ حَتَّى يُقْتَلَ. فَأَمَرَ بِهِ فَقُتِلَ، ثُمَّ نَزَلَ فَقَالَ: يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ كَيْفَ تَقْرَأُ الْقُرْآنَ ؟ قَالَ: أَتَفَوَّقُهُ تَفَوُّقًا. قَالَ: فَكَيْفَ تَقْرَأُ أَنْتَ يَا مُعَاذُ ؟ قَالَ: أَنَامُ أَوَّلَ اللَّيْلِ، فَأَقُومُ وَقَدْ قَضَيْتُ جُزْئِي مِنَ النَّوْمِ، فَأَقْرَأُ مَا كَتَبَ اللَّهُ لِي، فَأَحْتَسِبُ نَوْمَتِي كَمَا أَحْتَسِبُ قَوْمَتِي. وَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِمُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ حِينَ بَعَثَهُ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ: " إِنَّكَ سَتَأْتِي قَوْمًا أَهْلَ كِتَابٍ فَإِذَا جِئْتَهُمْ فَادْعُهُمْ إِلَى أَنْ يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، فَإِنْ هُمْ أَطَاعُوا لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ فَرَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ خَمْسَ صَلَوَاتٍ فِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ وَلَيْلَةٍ، فَإِنْ هُمْ أَطَاعُوا لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ فَرَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُؤْخَذُ مِنْ أَغْنِيَائِهِمْ فَتُرَدُّ عَلَى فُقَرَائِهِمْ، فَإِنْ هُمْ أَطَاعُوا لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَإِيَّاكَ وَكَرَائِمَ أَمْوَالِهِمْ، وَاتَّقِ دَعْوَةَ الْمَظْلُومِ، فَإِنَّهُ لَيْسَ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ اللَّهِ حِجَابٌ ". وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ قَالَ: لَمَّا بَعَثَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ خَرَجَ مَعَهُ يُوصِيهِ، وَمُعَاذٌ رَاكِبٌ وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَمْشِي تَحْتَ رَاحِلَتِهِ، فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ قَالَ: " يَا مُعَاذُ، إِنَّكَ عَسَى أَلَّا تَلْقَانِي بَعْدَ عَامِي هَذَا، وَلَعَلَّكَ أَنْ تَمُرَّ بِمَسْجِدِي هَذَا وَقَبْرِي ". فَبَكَى مُعَاذٌ جَشَعًا لِفِرَاقِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، ثُمَّ الْتَفَتَ بِوَجْهِهِ نَحْوَ الْمَدِينَةِ فَقَالَ: " إِنَّ أَوْلَى النَّاسِ بِي الْمُتَّقُونَ مَنْ كَانُوا وَحَيْثُ كَانُوا ". ثُمَّ رَوَاهُ عَنْ أَبِي الْيَمَانِ، عَنْ صَفْوَانَ بْنِ عَمْرٍو، عَنْ رَاشِدِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ عَاصِمِ بْنِ حُمَيْدٍ السَّكُونِيِّ، أَنَّ مُعَاذًا لَمَّا بَعَثَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ خَرَجَ مَعَهُ يُوصِيهِ، وَمُعَاذٌ رَاكِبٌ وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَمْشِي تَحْتَ رَاحِلَتِهِ، فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ قَالَ: " يَا مُعَاذُ، إِنَّكَ عَسَى أَلَّا تَلْقَانِي بَعْدَ عَامِي هَذَا، وَلَعَلَّكَ أَنْ تَمُرَّ بِمَسْجِدِي هَذَا وَقَبْرِي ". فَبَكَى مُعَاذٌ جَشَعًا لِفِرَاقِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَقَالَ: " لَا تَبْكِ يَا مُعَاذُ، لِلْبُكَاءِ أَوَانٌ، الْبُكَاءُ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ ". وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْمُغِيرَةِ، ثَنَا صَفْوَانُ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو زِيَادٍ يَحْيَى بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ الْغَسَّانِيُّ، عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ قُطَيْبٍ، عَنْ مُعَاذٍ أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ: بَعَثَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ فَقَالَ: " لَعَلَّكَ أَنْ تَمُرَّ بِقَبْرِي وَمَسْجِدِي، فَقَدْ بَعَثْتُكَ إِلَى قَوْمٍ رَقِيقَةٍ قُلُوبُهُمْ، يُقَاتِلُونَ عَلَى الْحَقِّ مَرَّتَيْنِ، فَقَاتِلْ بِمَنْ أَطَاعَكَ مِنْهُمْ مَنْ عَصَاكَ، ثُمَّ يَفِيئُونَ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، حَتَّى تُبَادِرَ الْمَرْأَةُ زَوْجَهَا، وَالْوَلَدُ وَالِدَهُ، وَالْأَخُ أَخَاهُ، فَانْزِلْ بَيْنَ الْحَيَّيْنِ ; السَّكُونِ وَالسَّكَاسِكِ ". وَهَذَا الْحَدِيثُ فِيهِ إِشَارَةٌ وَظُهُورٌ وَإِيمَاءٌ إِلَى أَنَّ مُعَاذًا، ؓ، لَا يَجْتَمِعُ بِالنَّبِيِّ ﷺ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، وَكَذَلِكَ وَقَعَ ; فَإِنَّهُ أَقَامَ بِالْيَمَنِ حَتَّى كَانَتْ حَجَّةُ الْوَدَاعِ، ثُمَّ كَانَتْ وَفَاتُهُ عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ بَعْدَ أَحَدٍ وَثَمَانِينَ يَوْمًا مِنْ يَوْمِ الْحَجِّ الْأَكْبَرِ. فَأَمَّا الْحَدِيثُ الَّذِي قَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: حَدَّثَنَا وَكِيعٌ عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ أَبِي ظَبْيَانَ، عَنْ مُعَاذٍ، أَنَّهُ لَمَّا رَجَعَ مِنَ الْيَمَنِ قَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ رَأَيْتُ رِجَالًا بِالْيَمَنِ يَسْجُدُ بَعْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ، أَفَلَا نَسْجُدُ لَكَ ؟ قَالَ: " لَوْ كُنْتُ آمِرًا بَشَرًا أَنْ يَسْجُدَ لِبَشَرٍ، لَأَمَرْتُ الْمَرْأَةَ أَنْ تَسْجُدَ لِزَوْجِهَا ". وَعَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا ظَبْيَانَ يُحَدِّثُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ، مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ، قَالَ: أَقْبَلَ مُعَاذٌ مِنَ الْيَمَنِ فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، إِنِّي رَأَيْتُ رِجَالًا. فَذَكَرَ مَعْنَاهُ. فَقَدْ دَارَ عَلَى رَجُلٍ مُبْهَمٍ، وَمِثْلُهُ لَا يُحْتَجُّ بِهِ، لَا سِيَّمَا وَقَدْ خَالَفَهُ غَيْرُهُ مِمَّنْ يُعْتَدُّ بِهِ فَقَالُوا: لَمَّا قَدِمَ مُعَاذٌ مِنَ الشَّامِ. وَعَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " مَفَاتِيحُ الْجَنَّةِ شَهَادَةُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ ". وَعَنْ مَيْمُونِ بْنِ أَبِي شَبِيبٍ، عَنْ مُعَاذٍ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: " يَا مُعَاذُ، أَتْبِعِ السَّيِّئَةَ الْحَسَنَةَ، تَمْحُهَا وَخَالِقِ النَّاسَ بِخُلُقٍ حَسَنٍ ". ثُمَّ قَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: وَعَنْ مُعَاذٍ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: " يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَوْصِنِي فَقَالَ: " اتَّقِ اللَّهَ حَيْثُمَا كُنْتَ ". قَالَ: زِدْنِي. قَالَ: " أَتْبِعِ السَّيِّئَةَ الْحَسَنَةَ تَمْحُهَا ". قَالَ: زِدْنِي. قَالَ: " خَالِقِ النَّاسَ بِخُلُقٍ حَسَنٍ " وَقَدْ رَوَاهُ التِّرْمِذِيُّ فِي " جَامِعِهِ " عَنْ مَحْمُودِ بْنِ غَيْلَانَ، عَنْ وَكِيعٍ، عَنْ سُفْيَانَ الثَّوْرِيِّ بِهِ، وَقَالَ: حَسَنٌ. وَعَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ قَالَ: أَوْصَانِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِعَشْرِ كَلِمَاتٍ قَالَ: " لَا تُشْرِكْ بِاللَّهِ شَيْئًا وَإِنْ قُتِلْتَ وَحُرِّقْتَ، وَلَا تَعُقَّنَّ وَالِدَيْكَ وَإِنْ أَمَرَاكَ أَنْ تَخْرُجَ مِنْ أَهْلِكَ وَمَالِكَ، وَلَا تَتْرُكَنَّ صَلَاةً مَكْتُوبَةً مُتَعَمِّدًا ; فَإِنَّ مَنْ تَرَكَ صَلَاةً مَكْتُوبَةً مُتَعَمِّدًا فَقَدْ بَرِئَتْ مِنْهُ ذِمَّةُ اللَّهِ، وَلَا تَشْرَبَنَّ خَمْرًا ; فَإِنَّهُ رَأَسُ كُلِّ فَاحِشَةٍ، وَإِيَّاكَ وَالْمَعْصِيَةَ ; فَإِنَّ بِالْمَعْصِيَةِ يَحِلُّ سَخَطُ اللَّهِ، وَإِيَّاكَ وَالْفِرَارَ مِنَ الزَّحْفِ وَإِنْ هَلَكَ النَّاسُ، وَإِذَا أَصَابَ النَّاسَ مَوْتٌ وَأَنْتَ فِيهِمْ فَاثْبُتْ، وَأَنْفِقْ عَلَى عِيَالِكَ مِنْ طَوْلِكَ، وَلَا تَرْفَعْ عَنْهُمْ عَصَاكَ أَدَبًا، وَأَخِفْهُمْ فِي اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ ". . وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: وَعَنْ مُرِيحِ بْنِ مَسْرُوقٍ، عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَمَّا بَعَثَهُ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ قَالَ: " إِيَّاكَ وَالتَّنَعُّمَ، فَإِنَّ عِبَادَ اللَّهِ لَيْسُوا بِالْمُتَنَعِّمِينَ ". وَقَالَ وَعَنْ أَبِي وَائِلٍ، عَنْ مُعَاذٍ قَالَ: بَعَثَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ، وَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ آخُذَ مِنْ كُلِّ حَالِمٍ دِينَارًا، أَوْ عَدْلَهُ مِنَ الْمَعَافِرِ، وَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ آخُذَ مِنْ كُلِّ أَرْبَعِينَ بَقَرَةً، مُسِنَّةً، وَمِنْ كُلِّ ثَلَاثِينَ بَقَرَةً تَبِيعًا حَوْلِيًّا، وَأَمَرَنِي فِيمَا سَقَتِ السَّمَاءُ الْعُشْرُ، وَمَا سُقِيَ بِالدَّوَالِي نِصْفُ الْعُشْرِ. وَقَالَ أَحْمَدُ: عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ الْحَكَمِ، أَنَّ مُعَاذًا قَالَ: بَعَثَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أُصَدِّقُ أَهْلَ الْيَمَنِ، فَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ آخُذَ مِنَ الْبَقَرِ مِنْ كُلِّ ثَلَاثِينَ تَبِيعًا - قَالَ هَارُونُ: وَالتَّبِيعُ الْجَذَعُ أَوِ الْجَذَعَةُ - وَمِنْ كُلِّ أَرْبَعِينَ مُسِنَّةً، فَعَرَضُوا عَلَيَّ أَنْ آخُذَ مَا بَيْنَ الْأَرْبَعِينَ وَالْخَمْسِينَ، وَمَا بَيْنَ السِّتِّينَ وَالسَّبْعِينَ، وَمَا بَيْنَ الثَّمَانِينَ وَالتِّسْعِينَ، فَأَبَيْتُ ذَلِكَ، وَقُلْتُ لَهُمْ: حَتَّى أَسْأَلَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَنْ ذَلِكَ. فَقَدِمْتُ فَأَخْبَرْتُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ، فَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ آخُذَ مِنْ كُلِّ ثَلَاثِينَ تَبِيعًا، وَمِنْ كُلِّ أَرْبَعِينَ مُسِنَّةً، وَمِنَ السِّتِّينَ تَبِيعَيْنِ، وَمِنَ السَّبْعِينَ مُسِنَّةً وَتَبِيعًا، وَمِنَ الثَّمَانِينَ مُسِنَّتَيْنِ، وَمِنَ التِّسْعِينَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَتْبَاعٍ، وَمِنَ الْمِائَةِ مُسِنَّةٍ وَتَبِيعَيْنِ، وَمِنَ الْعَشَرَةِ وَمِائَةٍ مُسِنَّتَيْنِ وَتَبِيعًا، وَمِنَ الْعِشْرِينَ وَمِائَةٍ ثَلَاثَ مُسِنَّاتٍ أَوْ أَرْبَعَةَ أَتْبَاعٍ. قَالَ: وَأَمَرَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَلَّا آخُذَ فِيمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ شَيْئًا، إِلَّا أَنْ يَبْلُغَ مُسِنَّةً أَوْ جَذَعًا. وَزَعَمَ أَنَّ الْأَوْقَاصَ لَا فَرِيضَةَ فِيهَا. وَهَذَا مِنْ أَفْرَادِ أَحْمَدَ، وَفِيهِ دَلَالَةٌ عَلَى أَنَّهُ قَدِمَ بَعْدَ مَصِيرِهِ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَالصَّحِيحُ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَرَ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ. وَعَنْ أُبَيِّ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ قَالَ: كَانَ مُعَاذُ بْنُ جَبَلٍ شَابًّا جَمِيلًا سَمْحًا، مِنْ خَيْرِ شَبَابِ قَوْمِهِ، لَا يُسْأَلُ شَيْئًا إِلَّا أَعْطَاهُ، حَتَّى كَانَ عَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ أَغْلَقَ مَالَهُ، فَكَلَّمَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي أَنْ يُكَلِّمَ غُرَمَاءَهُ، فَفَعَلَ، فَلَمْ يَضَعُوا لَهُ شَيْئًا، فَلَوْ تُرِكَ لِأَحَدٍ بِكَلَامِ أَحَدٍ، لَتُرِكَ لِمُعَاذٍ بِكَلَامِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. قَالَ: فَدَعَاهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَلَمْ يَبْرَحْ أَنْ بَاعَ مَالَهُ، وَقَسَمَهُ بَيْنَ غُرَمَائِهِ. قَالَ: فَقَامَ مُعَاذٌ وَلَا مَالَ لَهُ. قَالَ: فَلَمَّا حَجَّ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَعَثَ مُعَاذًا إِلَى الْيَمَنِ لِيَجْبُرَهُ. قَالَ: فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ تَجَرَ فِي هَذَا الْمَالِ مُعَاذٌ. قَالَ: فَقَدِمَ عَلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ مِنَ الْيَمَنِ وَقَدْ تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَجَاءَ عُمَرُ إِلَى مُعَاذٍ فَقَالَ: هَلْ لَكَ أَنْ تُطِيعَنِي فَتَدْفَعَ هَذَا الْمَالَ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَإِنْ أَعْطَاكَهُ فَاقْبَلْهُ ؟ قَالَ: فَقَالَ مُعَاذٌ: لِمَ أَدْفَعُهُ إِلَيْهِ، وَإِنَّمَا بَعَثَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِيَجْبُرَنِي ؟! فَلَمَّا أَبَى عَلَيْهِ انْطَلَقَ عُمَرُ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَقَالَ: أَرْسِلْ إِلَى هَذَا الرَّجُلِ فَخُذْ مِنْهُ وَدَعْ لَهُ. فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: مَا كُنْتُ لِأَفْعَلَ، إِنَّمَا بَعَثَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِيَجْبُرَهُ، فَلَسْتُ آخِذًا مِنْهُ شَيْئًا. قَالَ: فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحَ مُعَاذٌ انْطَلَقَ إِلَى عُمَرَ فَقَالَ: مَا أَرَانِي إِلَّا فَاعِلَ الَّذِي قُلْتَ، إِنِّي رَأَيْتُنِي الْبَارِحَةَ فِي النَّوْمِ - فِيمَا يَحْسَبُ عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ قَالَ - أُجَرُّ إِلَى النَّارِ وَأَنْتَ آخِذٌ بِحُجْزَتِي. قَالَ: فَانْطَلَقَ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ جَاءَ بِهِ، حَتَّى جَاءَهُ بِسَوْطِهِ، وَحَلَفَ لَهُ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَكْتُمْهُ شَيْئًا. قَالَ: فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ، ؓ: هُوَ لَكَ لَا آخُذُ مِنْهُ شَيْئًا. وَعَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ فَذَكَرَهُ، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ قَالَ: حَتَّى إِذَا كَانَ عَامُ فَتْحِ مَكَّةَ بَعَثَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى طَائِفَةٍ مِنَ الْيَمَنِ أَمِيرًا، فَمَكَثَ حَتَّى قُبِضَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، ثُمَّ قَدِمَ فِي خِلَافَةِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَخَرَجَ إِلَى الشَّامِ. قَالَ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ: وَقَدْ قَدَّمْنَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ اسْتَخْلَفَهُ بِمَكَّةَ مَعَ عَتَّابِ بْنِ أُسَيْدٍ لِيُعَلِّمَ أَهْلَهَا، وَأَنَّهُ شَهِدَ غَزْوَةَ تَبُوكَ فَالْأَشْبَهُ أَنَّ بَعْثَهُ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ كَانَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَعَنْ نَاسٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ مُعَاذٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ حِمْصَ، عَنْ مُعَاذٍ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ حِينَ بَعَثَهُ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ قَالَ: " كَيْفَ تَصْنَعُ إِنْ عَرَضَ لَكَ قَضَاءٌ ؟ " قَالَ: أَقْضِي بِمَا فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ. قَالَ: " فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ ؟ " قَالَ: فَبِسُنَّةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. قَالَ: " فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِي سُنَّةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ ؟ ". قَالَ: أَجْتَهِدُ بِرَأْيِي، لَا آلُو. قَالَ: فَضَرَبَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ صَدْرِي ثُمَّ قَالَ: " الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي وَفَّقَ رَسُولَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِمَا يُرْضِي رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ". وَقَدْ رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ، عَنْ وَكِيعٍ، وَعَنْ عَفَّانَ، عَنْ شُعْبَةَ، بِإِسْنَادِهِ وَلَفْظِهِ. وَأَخْرَجَهُ أَبُو دَاوُدَ وَالتِّرْمِذِيُّ، مِنْ حَدِيثِ شُعْبَةَ بِهِ، وَعَنْ أَبِي الْأَسْوَدِ الدُّئِلِيِّ قَالَ: كَانَ مُعَاذٌ بِالْيَمَنِ، فَارْتَفَعُوا إِلَيْهِ فِي يَهُودِيٍّ مَاتَ وَتَرَكَ أَخًا مُسْلِمًا، فَقَالَ مُعَاذٌ: إِنِّي سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ: " إِنَّ الْإِسْلَامَ يَزِيدُ وَلَا يَنْقُصُ ". فَوَرَّثَهُ. وَعَنْ أُسَامَةَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " لَا يَرِثُ الْكَافِرُ الْمُسْلِمَ وَلَا الْمُسْلِمُ الْكَافِرَ ". وَالْمَقْصُودُ أَنَّ مُعَاذًا، ؓ، كَانَ قَاضِيًا لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ بِالْيَمَنِ، وَحَاكِمًا فِي الْحُرُوبِ، وَمُصَدِّقًا ; إِلَيْهِ تُدْفَعُ الصَّدَقَاتُ. وَعَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ مَيْمُونٍ، أَنَّ مُعَاذًا لَمَّا قَدِمَ الْيَمَنَ صَلَّى بِهِمُ الصُّبْحَ فَقَرَأَ: وَاتَّخَذَ اللَّهُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ خَلِيلًا ( النِّسَاءِ: 125 ). فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْقَوْمِ: لَقَدْ قَرَّتْ عَيْنُ أُمِّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ أَنَّهُ حُدِّثَ: أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ حِينَ بَعَثَ مُعَاذًا، أَوْصَاهُ وَعَهِدَ إلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ لَهُ: يَسِّرْ وَلَا تُعَسِّرْ، وَبَشِّرْ وَلَا تُنَفِّرْ، وَإِنَّكَ سَتَقْدَمُ عَلَى قَوْمٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ، يَسْأَلُونَكَ مَا مِفْتَاحُ الْجَنَّةِ؛ فَقُلْ: شَهَادَةُ أَنْ لَا إلَهَ إلَّا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ؛ قَالَ: فَخَرَجَ مُعَاذٌ، حَتَّى إذَا قَدِمَ الْيَمَنَ قَامَ بِمَا أَمَرَهُ بِهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَأَتَتْهُ امْرَأَةٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْيَمَنِ، فَقَالَتْ: يَا صَاحِبَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، مَا حَقُّ زَوْجِ الْمَرْأَةِ عَلَيْهَا ؟ قَالَ: وَيْحَكَ إنَّ الْمَرْأَةَ لَا تَقْدِرُ عَلَى أَنْ تُؤَدِّيَ حَقَّ زَوْجِهَا، فَأَجْهِدِي نَفْسَكَ فِي أَدَاءِ حَقِّهِ مَا اسْتَطَعْتُ، قَالَتْ: وَاَللَّهِ لَئِنْ كُنْتُ صَاحِبَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ إنَّكَ لَتَعْلَمُ مَا حَقُّ الزَّوْجِ عَلَى الْمَرْأَةِ. قَالَ: وَيْحَكَ لَوْ رَجَعْتُ إلَيْهِ فَوَجَدْتُهُ تَنْثَعِبُ مَنْخِرَاهُ قَيْحًا وَدَمًا، فَمَصَصْتُ ذَلِكَ حَتَّى تُذْهِبِيهِ مَا أَدَّيْتُ حَقَّهُ.
Translation
✧ Al-Bukhārī said: Chapter on the sending of Abū Mūsā and Muʿādh to Yemen before the Farewell Pilgrimage. Mūsā narrated to us, Abū ʿAwānah narrated to us, ʿAbd al-Malik narrated to us, from Abū Burdah, who said: The Prophet ﷺ sent Abū Mūsā and Muʿādh b. Jabal to Yemen. He said: And he sent each one of them over a mikhāf (district). He said: And Yemen is two districts. Then he said: “Make things easy and do not make them difficult, give glad tidings and do not drive people away.” — And in another narration: “And cooperate with each other and do not disagree.” — So each one of them went to his work. He said: And whenever either of them traveled in his land and was near his companion, he would renew his acquaintance with him and greet him. So Muʿādh traveled in his land near his companion Abū Mūsā, and he came riding on his mule until he reached him, and there he was sitting with people gathered around him, and there was a man with him whose hands had been tied to his neck. Muʿādh said to him: “O ʿAbd Allāh b. Qays, who is this?” He said: “This is a man who disbelieved after his Islam.” He said: “I will not dismount until he is killed.” He said: “He was brought only for that, so dismount.” He said: “I will not dismount until he is killed.” So he ordered that he be killed, then he dismounted and said: “O ʿAbd Allāh, how do you recite the Qurʾān?” He said: “I sip it in sips.” He said: “And how do you recite, O Muʿādh?” He said: “I sleep at the beginning of the night, then I get up having completed my portion of sleep, and I recite what Allah has decreed for me, and I count my sleep as I count my standing in prayer.” And on the authority of Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to Muʿādh b. Jabal when he sent him to Yemen: “You will come to a people of the Book, so when you come to them, call them to testify that there is no god but Allah and that Muḥammad is the Messenger of Allah. If they obey you in that, then inform them that Allah has obligated upon them five prayers every day and night. If they obey you in that, then inform them that Allah has obligated upon them a charity to be taken from their rich and returned to their poor. If they obey you in that, then beware of taking the best of their wealth, and fear the supplication of the oppressed, for there is no veil between it and Allah.” And Imām Aḥmad said: On the authority of Muʿādh b. Jabal, who said: When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent him to Yemen, he went out with him advising him, while Muʿādh was riding and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was walking beneath his mount. When he finished, he said: “O Muʿādh, you may not meet me after this year of mine, and perhaps you will pass by this mosque of mine and my grave.” Muʿādh wept out of grief at parting from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, then he turned his face toward Madinah and said: “The people most entitled to me are the God-fearing, whoever they are and wherever they are.” Then he narrated it from Abū al-Yamān, from Ṣafwān b. ʿAmr, from Rāshid b. Saʿd, from ʿĀṣim b. Ḥumayd al-Sakūnī, that when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent Muʿādh to Yemen, he went out with him advising him, while Muʿādh was riding and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was walking beneath his mount. When he finished, he said: “O Muʿādh, you may not meet me after this year of mine, and perhaps you will pass by this mosque of mine and my grave.” Muʿādh wept out of grief at parting from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and he said: “Do not weep, O Muʿādh, for weeping has its time; weeping is from Satan.” And Imām Aḥmad said: Abū al-Mughīrah narrated to us, Ṣafwān narrated to us, Abū Ziyād Yaḥyā b. ʿUbayd al-Ghassānī narrated to me, from Yazīd b. Quṭayb, from Muʿādh, that he used to say: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent me to Yemen and said: “Perhaps you will pass by my grave and my mosque, for I have sent you to a people whose hearts are tender, who fight for the truth twice. So fight with those of them who obey you against those who disobey you, then they will return to Islam, until the woman rushes to her husband, the child to his father, and the brother to his brother. So camp between the two tribes: al-Sakūn and al-Sakāsik.” This hadith contains an indication, an appearance, and a hint that Muʿādh, ؓ, would not meet the Prophet ﷺ after that, and so it happened; for he remained in Yemen until the Farewell Pilgrimage, and then his (the Prophet's) death, peace and blessings be upon him, occurred eighty-one days after the day of the great Hajj. As for the hadith that Imām Aḥmad reported: Wakīʿ narrated to us, from al-Aʿmash, from Abū Ẓabyān, from Muʿādh, that when he returned from Yemen he said: “O Messenger of Allah, I saw men in Yemen prostrating to one another; should we not prostrate to you?” He said: “If I were to command any human to prostrate to another human, I would command the woman to prostrate to her husband.” And from al-Aʿmash: I heard Abū Ẓabyān narrating from a man of the Anṣār, from Muʿādh b. Jabal, who said: Muʿādh came from Yemen and said: “O Messenger of Allah, I saw men...” and he mentioned its meaning. So it revolves around an unnamed man, and such a one cannot be used as proof, especially since others whose testimony counts have contradicted it, saying: When Muʿādh came from Syria. And on the authority of Muʿādh b. Jabal, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “The keys of Paradise are the testimony that there is no god but Allah.” And on the authority of Maymūn b. Abī Shabīb, from Muʿādh, that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “O Muʿādh, follow the bad deed with the good deed, and it will erase it, and treat people with good character.” Then Imām Aḥmad said: And on the authority of Muʿādh, that he said: “O Messenger of Allah, advise me.” He said: “Fear Allah wherever you are.” He said: “Give me more.” He said: “Follow the bad deed with the good deed, and it will erase it.” He said: “Give me more.” He said: “Treat people with good character.” Al-Tirmidhī narrated it in his Jāmiʿ from Maḥmūd b. Ghaylān, from Wakīʿ, from Sufyān al-Thawrī, with it, and said: It is ḥasan. And on the authority of Muʿādh b. Jabal, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ advised me with ten words. He said: “Do not associate anything with Allah, even if you are killed and burned; do not disobey your parents, even if they command you to leave your family and your wealth; do not abandon an obligatory prayer deliberately, for whoever abandons an obligatory prayer deliberately has been released from the protection of Allah; do not drink wine, for it is the head of every obscenity; beware of disobedience, for through disobedience the wrath of Allah descends; beware of fleeing from the battle line, even if the people perish; and if death strikes the people while you are among them, remain steadfast; spend on your dependents from your means, and do not lift your staff from them for discipline, and make them fear Allah, Mighty and Majestic.” And Imām Aḥmad said: And on the authority of Murīḥ b. Masrūq, from Muʿādh b. Jabal, that when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent him to Yemen, he said: “Beware of luxurious living, for the servants of Allah are not those who live luxuriously.” And he said: And on the authority of Abū Wāʾil, from Muʿādh, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent me to Yemen and commanded me to take from every adult a dinar, or its equivalent from the Maʿāfir (garments), and he commanded me to take from every forty cattle a musinnah (a cow in its third year), and from every thirty cattle a tabīʿ (a yearling bull or heifer), and he commanded me regarding what the sky watered: a tenth, and what was watered by buckets: half a tenth. And Aḥmad said: On the authority of Yaḥyā b. al-Ḥakam, that Muʿādh said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent me to collect the zakāt of the people of Yemen, and he commanded me to take from cattle from every thirty a tabīʿ — Hārūn said: the tabīʿ is the jadhaʿ (one-year-old) or jadhaʿah — and from every forty a musinnah. They offered me to take what was between forty and fifty, and between sixty and seventy, and between eighty and ninety, but I refused that and said to them: “Until I ask the Messenger of Allah ﷺ about that.” So I came and informed the Prophet ﷺ, and he commanded me to take from every thirty a tabīʿ, and from every forty a musinnah, and from sixty two tabīʿs, and from seventy a musinnah and a tabīʿ, and from eighty two musinnahs, and from ninety three tabīʿs, and from one hundred a musinnah and two tabīʿs, and from one hundred and ten two musinnahs and a tabīʿ, and from one hundred and twenty three musinnahs or four tabīʿs. He said: And the Messenger of Allah ﷺ commanded me not to take anything in between that unless it reached a musinnah or a jadhaʿ. And he asserted that the awqāṣ (the numbers between the fixed limits) have no obligatory amount. This is one of the unique narrations of Aḥmad, and it indicates that he came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ after his departure to Yemen, but the correct view is that he did not see the Prophet ﷺ after that, as mentioned in the previous hadith. And on the authority of Ubayy b. Kaʿb b. Mālik, who said: Muʿādh b. Jabal was a handsome, generous young man, one of the best of his people's youth. He was never asked for anything without giving it, until he had a debt that locked up his wealth. So he spoke to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ about speaking to his creditors, and he did so, but they would not reduce anything for him. If anyone would have been excused by the intercession of another, Muʿādh would have been excused by the intercession of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He said: So the Messenger of Allah ﷺ called him, and he did not cease until he sold his wealth and divided it among his creditors. He said: So Muʿādh arose with no wealth. He said: When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ performed the Hajj, he sent Muʿādh to Yemen to compensate him. He said: Muʿādh was the first to trade in this wealth. He said: He came to Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq from Yemen after the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had died, and ʿUmar came to Muʿādh and said: “Will you obey me and give this wealth to Abū Bakr, and if he gives it to you, accept it?” He said: Muʿādh said: “Why should I give it to him, when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent me only to compensate me?!” When he refused him, ʿUmar went to Abū Bakr and said: “Send for this man and take from him and leave him some.” Abū Bakr said: “I would not do that; the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent him only to compensate him, so I will not take anything from him.” He said: When morning came, Muʿādh went to ʿUmar and said: “I think I will do what you said, for I saw myself last night in a dream — in what ʿAbd al-Razzāq thinks he said — being dragged to the Fire while you were holding my waist-wrapper.” He said: So he went to Abū Bakr with everything he had brought, even to his whip, and swore to him that he had not concealed anything from him. He said: Abū Bakr, ؓ, said: “It is yours; I will not take anything from it.” And on the authority of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Kaʿb b. Mālik, he mentioned it, except that he said: Until when it was the year of the conquest of Makkah, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent him as commander over a portion of Yemen, and he remained until the Messenger of Allah ﷺ passed away, then he came during the caliphate of Abū Bakr, and went out to Syria. Al-Bayhaqī said: We have mentioned earlier that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ appointed him as his deputy in Makkah with ʿAttāb b. Usayd to teach its people, and that he witnessed the expedition of Tabūk, so the most likely view is that his dispatch to Yemen was after that. And Allah knows best. And on the authority of some people from the companions of Muʿādh from the people of Ḥimṣ, from Muʿādh, that when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent him to Yemen, he said: “What will you do if a case is presented to you?” He said: “I will judge by what is in the Book of Allah.” He said: “And if it is not in the Book of Allah?” He said: “Then by the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.” He said: “And if it is not in the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ?” He said: “I will exert my own opinion and not fall short.” He said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ struck my chest and said: “Praise be to Allah who has granted success to the messenger of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ in what pleases the Messenger of Allah.” Aḥmad narrated it from Wakīʿ, and from ʿAffān, from Shuʿbah, with its chain and wording. Abū Dāwūd and al-Tirmidhī extracted it from the hadith of Shuʿbah with it. And on the authority of Abū al-Aswad al-Duʾalī, who said: Muʿādh was in Yemen, and they brought up to him a case about a Jew who died and left a Muslim brother. Muʿādh said: “I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: 'Islam increases and does not decrease.'” So he gave him the inheritance. And on the authority of Usāmah b. Zayd, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “The disbeliever does not inherit from the Muslim, nor the Muslim from the disbeliever.” The point is that Muʿādh, ؓ, was a judge for the Prophet ﷺ in Yemen, a ruler in wars, and a collector of zakāt; to him the alms were given. And on the authority of ʿAmr b. Maymūn, that when Muʿādh came to Yemen, he led them in the morning prayer and recited: “And Allah took Abraham as an intimate friend” (Qurʾān 4:125). A man from the people said: “The eye of Abraham's mother has been cooled.” Ibn Isḥāq said: ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Bakr narrated to me that he was told: When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent Muʿādh, he advised him and gave him instructions, then said to him: “Make things easy and do not make them difficult, give glad tidings and do not drive people away. You will come upon a people of the Book who will ask you what is the key to Paradise; say: The testimony that there is no god but Allah alone, with no partner.” He said: Muʿādh departed, and when he came to Yemen, he carried out what the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had commanded him. A woman from the people of Yemen came to him and said: “O companion of the Messenger of Allah, what is the right of the husband over his wife?” He said: “Woe to you! A woman cannot fulfill the right of her husband, so strive yourself to fulfill his right as much as you can.” She said: “By Allah, if you are the companion of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, you know what the right of the husband over the wife is.” He said: “Woe to you! If I returned to him and found his nostrils flowing with pus and blood, and I sucked that until I removed it, I would not have fulfilled his right.”
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