Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1578
The Pilgrimage of Abū Bakr with the People
[ مَا نَزَلَ فِي الْأَمْرِ بِجِهَادِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ أَمَرَ اللَّهُ رَسُولَهُ ﷺ بِجِهَادِ أَهْلِ الشِّرْكِ، مِمَّنْ نَقَضَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعَهْدِ الْخَاصِّ، وَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعَهْدِ الْعَامِّ، بَعْدَ الْأَرْبَعَةِ الْأَشْهُرِ الَّتِي ضَرَبَ لَهُمْ أَجَلًا إلَّا أَنْ يَعْدُوَ فِيهَا عَادٍ مِنْهُمْ، فَيُقْتَلُ بِعَدَائِهِ، فَقَالَ: أَلَا تُقَاتِلُونَ قَوْمًا نَكَثُوا أَيْمَانَهُمْ وَهَمُّوا بِإِخْرَاجِ الرَّسُولِ وَهُمْ بَدَءُوكُمْ أَوَّلَ مَرَّةٍ أَتَخْشَوْنَهُمْ فَاللَّهُ أَحَقُّ أَنْ تَخْشَوْهُ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ قَاتِلُوهُمْ يُعَذِّبْهُمُ اللَّهُ بِأَيْدِيكُمْ وَيُخْزِهِمْ وَيَنْصُرْكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ وَيَشْفِ صُدُورَ قَوْمٍ مُؤْمِنِينَ وَيُذْهِبْ غَيْظَ قُلُوبِهِمْ وَيَتُوبُ اللَّهُ أَيْ مِنْ بَعْدِ ذَلِكَ عَلَى مَنْ يَشَاءُ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ أَمْ حَسِبْتُمْ أَنْ تُتْرَكُوا وَلَمَّا يَعْلَمِ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ جَاهَدُوا مِنْكُمْ وَلَمْ يَتَّخِذُوا مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ وَلَا رَسُولِهِ وَلَا الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَلِيجَةً وَاللَّهُ خَبِيرٌ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي الرَّدِّ عَلَى قُرَيْشٍ بِادِّعَائِهِمْ عُمَارَةَ الْبَيْتِ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ قَوْلَ قُرَيْشٍ: إنَّا أَهْلُ الْحَرَمِ، وَسُقَاةُ الْحَاجِّ، وَعُمَّارِ هَذَا الْبَيْتِ، فَلَا أَحَدَ أَفْضَلُ مِنَّا؛ فَقَالَ: إِنَّمَا يَعْمُرُ مَسَاجِدَ اللَّهِ مَنْ آمَنَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ أَيْ إنَّ عِمَارَتَكُمْ لَيْسَتْ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، وَإِنَّمَا يَعْمُرُ مَسَاجِدَ اللَّهِ أَيْ مَنْ عَمَّرَهَا بِحَقِّهَا مَنْ آمَنَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَأَقَامَ الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَى الزَّكَاةَ وَلَمْ يَخْشَ إِلَّا اللَّهَ أَيْ فَأُولَئِكَ عُمَّارُهَا فَعَسَى أُولَئِكَ أَنْ يَكُونُوا مِنَ الْمُهْتَدِينَ وَعَسَى مِنْ اللَّهِ: حَقٌّ. ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: أَجَعَلْتُمْ سِقَايَةَ الْحَاجِّ وَعِمَارَةَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ كَمَنْ آمَنَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَجَاهَدَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ لَا يَسْتَوُونَ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي الْأَمْرِ بِقِتَالِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ ] ثُمَّ الْقِصَّةُ عَنْ عَدُوِّهِمْ، حَتَّى انْتَهَى إلَى ذِكْرِ حُنَيْنٍ، وَمَا كَانَ فِيهِ، وَتُوَلِّيهِمْ عَنْ عَدُوِّهِمْ، وَمَا أَنَزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى مِنْ نَصْرِهِ بَعْدَ تَخَاذُلِهِمْ، ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: إِنَّمَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ نَجَسٌ فَلَا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ بَعْدَ عَامِهِمْ هَذَا وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ عَيْلَةً وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ النَّاسَ قَالُوا: لَتَنْقَطِعَنَّ عَنَّا الْأَسْوَاقُ، فَلَتَهْلِكَنَّ التِّجَارَةُ، وَلَيَذْهَبَنَّ مَا كُنَّا نُصِيبُ فِيهَا مِنْ الْمَرَافِقِ، فَقَالَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ عَيْلَةً فَسَوْفَ يُغْنِيكُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ أَيْ مِنْ وَجْهٍ غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ إِنْ شَاءَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ أَيْ فَفِي هَذَا عِوَضٌ مِمَّا تَخَوَّفْتُمْ مِنْ قَطْعِ الْأَسْوَاقِ، فَعَوَّضَهُمْ اللَّهُ بِمَا قَطَعَ عَنْهُمْ بِأَمْرِ الشِّرْكِ، مَا أَعْطَاهُمْ مِنْ أَعْنَاقِ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ، مِنْ الْجِزْيَةِ. [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي أَهْلِ الْكِتَابَيْنِ ] ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ أَهْلُ الْكِتَابَيْنِ بِمَا فِيهِمْ مِنْ الشَّرِّ وَالْفِرْيَةِ عَلَيْهِ، حَتَّى انْتَهَى إلَى قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: إِنَّ كَثِيرًا مِنَ الْأَحْبَارِ وَالرُّهْبَانِ لَيَأْكُلُونَ أَمْوَالَ النَّاسِ بِالْبَاطِلِ وَيَصُدُّونَ عَنْ سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَالَّذِينَ يَكْنِزُونَ الذَّهَبَ وَالْفِضَّةَ وَلَا يُنْفِقُونَهَا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَبَشِّرْهُمْ بِعَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي النَّسِيءِ ] ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ النَّسِيءَ، وَمَا كَانَتْ الْعَرَبُ أَحْدَثَتْ فِيهِ. وَالنَّسِيءُ مَا كَانَ يُحِلُّ مِمَّا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى مِنْ الشُّهُورِ، وَيُحَرِّمُ مِمَّا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ مِنْهَا، فَقَالَ: إِنَّ عِدَّةَ الشُّهُورِ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ اثْنَا عَشَرَ شَهْرًا فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ يَوْمَ خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَةٌ حُرُمٌ ذَلِكَ الدِّينُ الْقَيِّمُ فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسَكُمْ أَيْ لَا تَجْعَلُوا حَرَامَهَا حَلَالًا، وَلَا حَلَالهَا حَرَامًا: أَيْ كَمَا فَعَلَ أَهْلُ الشِّرْكِ إِنَّمَا النَّسِيءُ الَّذِي كَانُوا يَصْنَعُونَ زِيَادَةٌ فِي الْكُفْرِ يُضَلُّ بِهِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا يُحِلُّونَهُ عَامًا وَيُحَرِّمُونَهُ عَامًا لِيُوَاطِئُوا عِدَّةَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ فَيُحِلُّوا مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ زُيِّنَ لَهُمْ سُوءُ أَعْمَالِهِمْ وَاللَّهُ لَا يَهْدِي الْقَوْمَ الْكَافِرِينَ. [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي تَبُوكَ ] ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ تَبُوكَ وَمَا كَانَ فِيهَا مِنْ تَثَاقُلِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَنْهَا، وَمَا أَعْظَمُوا مِنْ غَزْوِ الرُّومِ، حِينَ دَعَاهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إلَى جِهَادِهِمْ، وَنِفَاقَ مَنْ نَافَقَ مِنْ الْمُنَافِقِينَ، حِينَ دُعُوا إلَى مَا دُعُوا إلَيْهِ مِنْ الْجِهَادِ، ثُمَّ مَا نَعَى عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ إحْدَاثِهِمْ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ، فَقَالَ تَعَالَى: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مَا لَكُمْ إِذَا قِيلَ لَكُمُ انْفِرُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ اثَّاقَلْتُمْ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ ثُمَّ الْقِصَّةُ إلَى قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: يُعَذِّبْكُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا وَيَسْتَبْدِلْ قَوْمًا غَيْرَكُمْ إلَى قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: إِلَّا تَنْصُرُوهُ فَقَدْ نَصَرَهُ اللَّهُ إِذْ أَخْرَجَهُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا ثَانِيَ اثْنَيْنِ إِذْ هُمَا فِي الْغَارِ [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي أَهْلِ النِّفَاقِ ] ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى لِنَبِيِّهِ ﷺ، يَذْكُرُ أَهْلَ النِّفَاقِ: لَوْ كَانَ عَرَضًا قَرِيبًا وَسَفَرًا قَاصِدًا لَاتَّبَعُوكَ وَلَكِنْ بَعُدَتْ عَلَيْهِمُ الشُّقَّةُ وَسَيَحْلِفُونَ بِاللَّهِ لَوِ اسْتَطَعْنَا لَخَرَجْنَا مَعَكُمْ يُهْلِكُونَ أَنْفُسَهُمْ وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ إِنَّهُمْ لَكَاذِبُونَ أَيْ إنَّهُمْ يَسْتَطِيعُونَ عَفَا اللَّهُ عَنْكَ لِمَ أَذِنْتَ لَهُمْ حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ لَكَ الَّذِينَ صَدَقُوا وَتَعْلَمَ الْكَاذِبِينَ ؟... إلَى قَوْلِهِ: لَوْ خَرَجُوا فِيكُمْ مَا زَادُوكُمْ إِلَّا خَبَالًا وَلَأَوْضَعُوا خِلَالَكُمْ يَبْغُونَكُمُ الْفِتْنَةَ وَفِيكُمْ سَمَّاعُونَ لَهُمْ قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَكَانَ الَّذِينَ اسْتَأْذَنُوهُ مِنْ ذَوِي الشَّرَفِ، فِيمَا بَلَغَنِي، مِنْهُمْ: عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أُبَيٍّ ابْنُ سَلُولَ، وَالْجَدُّ بْنُ قِيسٍ؛ وَكَانُوا أَشْرَافًا فِي قَوْمِهِمْ، فَثَبَّطَهُمْ اللَّهُ لِعِلْمِهِ بِهِمْ أَنْ يَخْرُجُوا مَعَهُ، فَيُفْسِدُوا عَلَيْهِ جُنْدَهُ، وَكَانَ فِي جُنْدِهِ قَوْمٌ أَهْلُ مَحَبَّةٍ لَهُمْ، وَطَاعَةٍ فِيمَا يَدْعُونَهُمْ إلَيْهِ، لِشَرَفِهِمْ فِيهِمْ. فَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَفِيكُمْ سَمَّاعُونَ لَهُمْ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ بِالظَّالِمِينَ لَقَدِ ابْتَغَوُا الْفِتْنَةَ مِنْ قَبْلُ أَيْ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَسْتَأْذِنُوكَ، وَقَلَّبُوا لَكَ الْأُمُورَ أَيْ لِيَخْذُلُوا عَنْكَ أَصْحَابَكَ وَيَرُدُّوا عَلَيْكَ أَمْرَكَ حَتَّى جَاءَ الْحَقُّ وَظَهَرَ أَمْرُ اللَّهِ وَهُمْ كَارِهُونَ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَقُولُ ائْذَنْ لِي وَلَا تَفْتِنِّي أَلَا فِي الْفِتْنَةِ سَقَطُوا وَكَانَ الَّذِي قَالَ ذَلِكَ، فِيمَا سُمِّيَ لَنَا، الْجَدُّ بْنُ قِيسٍ، أَخُو بَنِي سَلِمَةَ، حِينَ دَعَاهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إلَى جِهَادِ الرُّومِ. ثُمَّ كَانَتْ الْقِصَّةُ إلَى قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: لَوْ يَجِدُونَ مَلْجَأً أَوْ مَغَارَاتٍ أَوْ مُدَّخَلًا لَوَلَّوْا إِلَيْهِ وَهُمْ يَجْمَحُونَ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَلْمِزُكَ فِي الصَّدَقَاتِ فَإِنْ أُعْطُوا مِنْهَا رَضُوا وَإِنْ لَمْ يُعْطَوْا مِنْهَا إِذَا هُمْ يَسْخَطُونَ أَيْ إنَّمَا نِيَّتُهُمْ وَرِضَاهُمْ وَسَخَطَهُمْ لِدُنْيَاهُمْ. [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي ذِكْرِ أَصْحَابِ الصَّدَقَاتِ ] ثُمَّ بَيَّنَ الصَّدَقَاتِ لِمَنْ هِيَ، وَسَمَّى أَهْلَهَا، فَقَالَ: إِنَّمَا الصَّدَقَاتُ لِلْفُقَرَاءِ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَالْعَامِلِينَ عَلَيْهَا وَالْمُؤَلَّفَةِ قُلُوبُهُمْ وَفِي الرِّقَابِ وَالْغَارِمِينَ وَفِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَاِبْنِ السَّبِيلِ فَرِيضَةً مِنَ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ [ مَا نَزَلَ بِسَبَبِ صَلَاةِ النَّبِيِّ عَلَى ابْنِ أَبَيٍّ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي الزُّهْرِيُّ عَنْ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ، عَنْ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ يَقُولُ: لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَبَيٍّ، دُعِيَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِلصَّلَاةِ عَلَيْهِ، فَقَامَ إلَيْهِ؛ فَلَمَّا وَقَفَ عَلَيْهِ يُرِيدُ الصَّلَاةَ، تَحَوَّلْتُ حَتَّى قُمْتُ فِي صَدْرِهِ، فَقُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، أَتُصَلِّي عَلَى عَدُوِّ اللَّهِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أَبَيٍّ ابْنِ سَلُولَ ؟ الْقَائِلِ كَذَا يَوْمَ كَذَا، وَالْقَائِلِ كَذَا يَوْمَ كَذَا ؟ أُعَدِّدُ أَيَّامَهُ، وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَتَبَسَّمُ حَتَّى إذَا أَكْثَرْتُ قَالَ: يَا عُمَرُ، أَخِّرْ عَنِّي، إنِّي قَدْ خُيِّرْتُ فَاخْتَرْتُ، قَدْ قِيلَ لِي: اسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ أَوْ لَا تَسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ، إنْ تَسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ سَبْعِينَ مَرَّةً فَلَنْ يَغْفِرَ اللَّهُ لَهُمْ، فَلَوْ أَعْلَمُ أَنِّي إنْ زِدْتُ عَلَى السَّبْعِينَ غُفِرَ لَهُ، لَزِدْتُ. قَالَ: ثُمَّ صَلَّى عَلَيْهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَمَشَى مَعَهُ حَتَّى قَامَ عَلَى قَبْرِهِ، حَتَّى فُرِغَ مِنْهُ. قَالَ: فَعَجِبْتُ لِي وَلِجُرْأَتِي عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَاَللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَعْلَمُ. فَوَاَللَّهِ مَا كَانَ إلَّا يَسِيرًا حَتَّى نَزَلَتْ هَاتَانِ الْآيَتَانِ: وَلَا تُصَلِّ عَلَى أَحَدٍ مِنْهُمْ مَاتَ أَبَدًا وَلَا تَقُمْ عَلَى قَبْرِهِ إِنَّهُمْ كَفَرُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَمَاتُوا وَهُمْ فَاسِقُونَ فَمَا صَلَّى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَعْدَهُ عَلَى مُنَافِقٍ حَتَّى قَبَضَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي الْمُسْتَأْذِنِينَ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَإِذَا أُنْزِلَتْ سُورَةٌ أَنْ آمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَجَاهِدُوا مَعَ رَسُولِهِ اسْتَأْذَنَكَ أُولُو الطَّوْلِ مِنْهُمْ وَكَانَ ابْنُ أَبَيٍّ مِنْ أُولَئِكَ، فَنَعَى اللَّهُ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ، وَذَكَرَهُ مِنْهُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: لَكِنِ الرَّسُولُ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مَعَهُ جَاهَدُوا بِأَمْوَالِهِمْ وَأَنْفُسِهِمْ وَأُولَئِكَ لَهُمُ الْخَيْرَاتُ وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ أَعَدَّ اللَّهُ لَهُمْ جَنَّاتٍ تَجْرِي مِنْ تَحْتِهَا الْأَنْهَارُ خَالِدِينَ فِيهَا ذَلِكَ الْفَوْزُ الْعَظِيمُ وَجَاءَ الْمُعَذِّرُونَ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ لِيُؤْذَنَ لَهُمْ وَقَعَدَ الَّذِينَ كَذَبُوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ إلَى آخِرِ الْقِصَّةِ. وَكَانَ الْمُعَذِّرُونَ، فِيمَا بَلَغَنِي نَفَرًا مِنْ بَنِي غِفَارٍ، مِنْهُمْ خُفَافُ بْنُ أَيْمَاءَ بْنِ رَحْضَةَ، ثُمَّ كَانَتْ الْقِصَّةُ لِأَهْلِ الْعُذْرِ، حَتَّى انْتَهَى إلَى قَوْلِهِ: وَلَا عَلَى الَّذِينَ إِذَا مَا أَتَوْكَ لِتَحْمِلَهُمْ قُلْتَ لَا أَجِدُ مَا أَحْمِلُكُمْ عَلَيْهِ تَوَلَّوْا وَأَعْيُنُهُمْ تَفِيضُ مِنَ الدَّمْعِ حَزَنًا أَلَّا يَجِدُوا مَا يُنْفِقُونَ وَهُمْ الْبَكَّاءُونَ. ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: إِنَّمَا السَّبِيلُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يَسْتَأْذِنُونَكَ وَهُمْ أَغْنِيَاءُ رَضُوا بِأَنْ يَكُونُوا مَعَ الْخَوَالِفِ وَطَبَعَ اللَّهُ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ فَهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ وَالْخَوَالِفُ: النِّسَاءُ. ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ حَلِفَهُمْ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ وَاعْتِذَارَهُمْ، فَقَالَ: فَأَعْرِضُوا عَنْهُمْ إلَى قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: فَإِنْ تَرْضَوْا عَنْهُمْ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يَرْضَى عَنِ الْقَوْمِ الْفَاسِقِينَ [ مَا نَزَلَ فِيمَنْ نَافَقَ مِنْ الْأَعْرَابِ ] ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ الْأَعْرَابَ وَمَنْ نَافَقَ مِنْهُمْ وَتَرَبُّصُهُمْ بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَبِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ، فَقَالَ: وَمِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ مَنْ يَتَّخِذُ مَا يُنْفِقُ أَيْ مِنْ صَدَقَةٍ أَوْ نَفَقَةٍ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ مَغْرَمًا وَيَتَرَبَّصُ بِكُمُ الدَّوَائِرَ عَلَيْهِمْ دَائِرَةُ السَّوْءِ وَاللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ الْأَعْرَابَ أَهْلَ الْإِخْلَاصِ وَالْإِيمَانِ مِنْهُمْ، فَقَالَ: وَمِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ مَنْ يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَيَتَّخِذُ مَا يُنْفِقُ قُرُبَاتٍ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ وَصَلَوَاتِ الرَّسُولِ أَلَا إِنَّهَا قُرْبَةٌ لَهُمْ [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي السَّابِقِينَ مِنْ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ ] ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ السَّابِقِينَ الْأَوَّلِينَ مِنْ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ، وَفَضْلَهُمْ، وَمَا وَعَدَهُمْ اللَّهُ مِنْ حُسْنِ ثَوَابِهِ إيَّاهُمْ، ثُمَّ أَلْحَقَ بِهِمْ التَّابِعِينَ لَهُمْ بِإِحْسَانِ، فَقَالَ: ؓ وَرَضُوا عَنْهُ ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَمِمَّنْ حَوْلَكُمْ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ مُنَافِقُونَ وَمِنْ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ مَرَدُوا عَلَى النِّفَاقِ أَيْ لَجُّوا فِيهِ، وَأَبَوْا غَيْرَهُ سَنُعَذِّبُهُمْ مَرَّتَيْنِ وَالْعَذَابُ الَّذِي أَوْعَدَهُمْ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى مَرَّتَيْنِ، فِيمَا بَلَغَنِي غَمَّهُمْ بِمَا هُمْ فِيهِ مِنْ أَمْرِ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَمَا يَدْخُلُ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ غَيْظِ ذَلِكَ عَلَى غَيْرِ حِسْبَةٍ، ثُمَّ عَذَابُهُمْ فِي الْقُبُورِ إذَا صَارُوا إلَيْهَا، ثُمَّ الْعَذَابُ الْعَظِيمُ الَّذِي يُرِدُّونَ إلَيْهِ، عَذَابُ النَّارِ وَالْخُلْدُ فِيهِ. ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَآخَرُونَ اعْتَرَفُوا بِذُنُوبِهِمْ خَلَطُوا عَمَلًا صَالِحًا وَآخَرَ سَيِّئًا عَسَى اللَّهُ أَنْ يَتُوبَ عَلَيْهِمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: خُذْ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُطَهِّرُهُمْ وَتُزَكِّيهِمْ بِهَا إلَى آخِرِ الْقِصَّةِ. ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَآخَرُونَ مُرْجَوْنَ لِأَمْرِ اللَّهِ إِمَّا يُعَذِّبُهُمْ وَإِمَّا يَتُوبُ عَلَيْهِمْ وَهُمْ الثَّلَاثَةُ الَّذِينَ خُلِّفُوا، وَأَرْجَأَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَمْرَهُمْ حَتَّى أَتَتْ مِنْ اللَّهِ تَوْبَتُهُمْ. ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَالَّذِينَ اتَّخَذُوا مَسْجِدًا ضِرَارًا إلَخْ الْقِصَّةُ ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى إِنَّ اللَّهَ اشْتَرَى مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَنْفُسَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ بِأَنَّ لَهُمُ الْجَنَّةَ ثُمَّ كَانَ قِصَّةُ الْخَبَرِ عَنْ تَبُوكَ، وَمَا كَانَ فِيهَا إلَى آخِرِ السُّورَةِ. وَكَانَتْ بَرَاءَةٌ تُسْمَى فِي زَمَانِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَبَعْدَهُ الْمُبَعْثِرَةَ، لَمَا كَشَفَتْ مِنْ سَرَائِرِ النَّاسِ. وَكَانَتْ تَبُوكَ آخِرَ غَزْوَةٍ غَزَاهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ.
Translation
✧ [What was revealed regarding the command to fight the polytheists] Ibn Isḥāq said: Then God commanded His Messenger ﷺ to wage jihād against the people of polytheism—those of the special covenant who had broken it, and those of the general covenant—after the four months which He set as a term for them, unless one of them committed aggression during them, in which case he would be killed for his aggression. He said: 'Will you not fight a people who broke their oaths and resolved to expel the Messenger, and they began against you the first time? Do you fear them? God is more worthy that you should fear Him, if you are believers. Fight them; God will punish them at your hands and disgrace them and grant you victory over them and heal the breasts of a believing people and remove the rage of their hearts. And God turns—that is, after that—in mercy to whom He wills. God is Knowing, Wise. Or do you think that you will be left alone while God has not yet made known those among you who strive and have not taken, besides God and His Messenger and the believers, any intimate? God is Aware of what you do.' [What was revealed in refutation of the Quraysh's claim to the maintenance of the House] Ibn Isḥāq said: Then He mentioned the saying of the Quraysh: 'We are the people of the Sacred Precinct, the waterers of the pilgrims, and the maintainers of this House, so no one is more excellent than us.' He said: 'The mosques of God are maintained only by those who believe in God and the Last Day'—that is, your maintenance is not based on that. 'The mosques of God are maintained only'—that is, whoever maintains them by their right—'by one who believes in God and the Last Day and establishes prayer and gives zakāh and fears none but God.' That is, those are their maintainers. 'Perhaps those will be among the guided.' And 'perhaps' from God is a certainty. Then He, exalted be He, said: 'Do you make the giving of water to pilgrims and the maintenance of the Sacred Mosque equal to one who believes in God and the Last Day and strives in the way of God? They are not equal before God.' [What was revealed regarding the command to fight the polytheists] Then the narrative continues about their enemy until it reaches the mention of Ḥunayn and what happened there—their turning away from their enemy and what God, exalted be He, sent down of His help after their failure. Then He, exalted be He, said: 'The polytheists are unclean, so let them not approach the Sacred Mosque after this year of theirs. And if you fear poverty'—that is because the people said: 'The markets will surely be cut off from us, trade will surely perish, and the benefits we used to obtain in them will surely go away.' So God, mighty and majestic be He, said: 'And if you fear poverty, God will enrich you from His bounty'—that is, from a source other than that, if He wills. 'God is Knowing, Wise. Fight those who do not believe in God or in the Last Day and do not forbid what God and His Messenger have forbidden and do not profess the religion of truth, from among those who were given the Book, until they pay the jizyah out of hand, in a state of humiliation.' That is, in this is a compensation for what you feared of the cutting off of the markets. So God compensated them, for what He cut off from them by the command of polytheism, with what He gave them from the necks of the People of the Book—the jizyah. [What was revealed regarding the people of the two Books] Then He mentioned the people of the two Books with the evil and falsehood in them, until it reached His saying, exalted be He: 'Indeed many of the rabbis and monks consume the wealth of people in falsehood and turn away from the way of God. And those who hoard gold and silver and do not spend it in the way of God—give them tidings of a painful punishment.' [What was revealed regarding the intercalation] Then He mentioned the intercalation and what the Arabs had introduced into it. The intercalation was what they made lawful of the months that God, exalted be He, had made sacred, and what they made sacred of those God had made lawful. He said: 'The number of months with God is twelve months in the Book of God, the day He created the heavens and the earth. Of them four are sacred. That is the upright religion. So do not wrong yourselves in them'—that is, do not make their sacred lawful or their lawful sacred, as the people of polytheism did. 'The intercalation which they used to practice is only an increase in disbelief, by which those who disbelieve are led astray. They make it lawful one year and sacred another year, to correspond to the number God made sacred, and thus they make lawful what God made sacred. The evil of their deeds has been made fair to them, and God does not guide the disbelieving people.' [What was revealed regarding Tabūk] Then He mentioned Tabūk and the Muslims' reluctance regarding it and the enormity they felt of the campaign against the Byzantines when the Messenger of God ﷺ called them to fight them, and the hypocrisy of those of the hypocrites who acted hypocritically when they were called to what they were called to of the jihād. Then He reproached them for the innovations they had introduced into Islam. He, exalted be He, said: 'O you who believe, what is the matter with you that when it is said to you, "March forth in the way of God," you sink heavily to the ground?' Then the narrative continues to His saying, exalted be He: 'He will punish you with a painful punishment and replace you with a people other than you' up to His saying, exalted be He: 'If you do not help him, God already helped him when those who disbelieved drove him out, the second of two, when they were in the cave.' [What was revealed regarding the people of hypocrisy] Then He, exalted be He, said to His Prophet ﷺ, mentioning the people of hypocrisy: 'Had it been a nearby gain and a moderate journey, they would have followed you, but the distance was too great for them. They will swear by God, "If we had been able, we would have gone out with you," destroying themselves. God knows that they are liars'—that is, they are able. 'May God pardon you! Why did you give them leave before it became clear to you who were truthful and you knew the liars?'... to His saying: 'Had they gone out with you, they would have added nothing but trouble for you, and they would have hurried about among you seeking to cause dissension, and among you are those who listen to them.' Ibn Isḥāq said: Those who asked his permission, among those of high status, as it has reached me, included ʿAbd Allāh b. Ubayy b. Salūl and al-Jadd b. Qays. They were nobles among their people, and God held them back, in His knowledge of them, from going out with him, lest they corrupt his army. Among his army were people who had love for them and obedience to what they called them to, because of their nobility among them. So He, exalted be He, said: 'And among you are those who listen to them. God knows the wrongdoers. They sought dissension before'—that is, before they asked your permission—'and turned matters upside down for you'—that is, to cause your companions to fail you and to turn your affair back against you—'until the truth came and God's command appeared, while they were averse. And among them is one who says, "Give me leave and do not tempt me." Indeed, into temptation they have fallen.' The one who said that, as was named for us, was al-Jadd b. Qays, the brother of the Banū Salimah, when the Messenger of God ﷺ called him to fight the Byzantines. Then the narrative continued to His saying, exalted be He: 'If they could find a refuge or caves or a place to enter, they would turn to it while they rush headlong. And among them are those who criticize you concerning the charitable gifts. If they are given from them, they are pleased, but if they are not given from them, then they are enraged'—that is, their intention, pleasure, and anger are only for their worldly concerns. [What was revealed regarding the recipients of the charitable gifts] Then He clarified the charitable gifts and for whom they are, and He named their recipients. He said: 'The charitable gifts are only for the poor, the needy, those who work on them, those whose hearts are to be reconciled, for the ransom of captives, for those in debt, for the way of God, and for the traveler—an obligation from God. God is Knowing, Wise.' [What was revealed concerning the Prophet's prayer over Ibn Ubayy] Ibn Isḥāq said: Al-Zuhrī related to me, from ʿUbayd Allāh b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUtbah, from Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: I heard ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb say: When ʿAbd Allāh b. Ubayy died, the Messenger of God ﷺ was invited to pray over him, and he rose to him. When he stood over him intending to pray, I moved until I stood facing his chest and said: 'O Messenger of God, will you pray over the enemy of God, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ubayy b. Salūl, who said such-and-such on such-and-such a day and said such-and-such on such-and-such a day?' I enumerated his days, while the Messenger of God ﷺ smiled, until when I had gone on at length, he said: 'O ʿUmar, move away from me. I have been given a choice and I chose. It was said to me: "Ask forgiveness for them or do not ask forgiveness for them. If you ask forgiveness for them seventy times, God will never forgive them." If I knew that if I exceeded seventy it would be forgiven for him, I would exceed it.' He said: Then the Messenger of God ﷺ prayed over him and walked with him until he stood at his grave, until it was finished. He said: I marveled at myself and at my boldness with the Messenger of God ﷺ, and God and His Messenger know best. By God, it was only a short time until these two verses were revealed: 'And do not ever pray over any of them who dies, and do not stand at his grave. They disbelieved in God and His Messenger and died while they were transgressors.' After that, the Messenger of God ﷺ did not pray over any hypocrite until God, exalted be He, took him. [What was revealed regarding those who asked leave] Ibn Isḥāq said: Then He, exalted be He, said: 'And when a sūrah is sent down, "Believe in God and strive with His Messenger," those of them who possess wealth ask your leave.' Ibn Ubayy was one of those. God reproached him for that and mentioned it of him. Then He, exalted be He, said: 'But the Messenger and those who believe with him have striven with their wealth and their lives. Those—for them are the good things, and those are the successful ones. God has prepared for them gardens beneath which rivers flow, to abide therein forever. That is the great triumph. And the excuse-makers came from the Bedouins to be granted leave, while those who lied to God and His Messenger sat back' to the end of the narrative. The excuse-makers, as it has reached me, were a group from the Banū Ghifār, among them Khufāf b. Aymāʾ b. Raḥḍah. Then the narrative continued regarding the people with excuses, until it reached His saying: 'Nor upon those who, when they came to you for you to provide them with mounts, you said, "I find nothing to mount you on," they turned away with their eyes overflowing with tears of grief that they could not find what to spend.' Those are the weepers. Then He, exalted be He, said: 'The cause is only against those who ask your leave while they are rich. They are content to be with those who stay behind, and God has sealed their hearts, so they do not know.' The 'those who stay behind' are the women. Then He mentioned their oaths to the Muslims and their excuses. He said: 'So turn away from them' to His saying, exalted be He: 'If you should be pleased with them, then indeed God is not pleased with the defiantly disobedient people.' [What was revealed regarding those of the Bedouins who acted hypocritically] Then He mentioned the Bedouins and those among them who acted hypocritically and their waiting for misfortune to befall the Messenger of God ﷺ and the believers. He said: 'And among the Bedouins are those who consider what they spend'—that is, of charity or expenditure in the way of God—'as a loss and await for you turns of misfortune. Upon them is an evil turn of fortune. God is Hearing, Knowing.' Then He mentioned the Bedouins who were sincere and believing among them. He said: 'And among the Bedouins are those who believe in God and the Last Day and consider what they spend as nearness to God and the prayers of the Messenger. Indeed, it is a nearness for them.' [What was revealed regarding the foremost of the Emigrants and the Helpers] Then He mentioned the foremost, the first of the Emigrants and the Helpers, and their virtue, and what God promised them of His excellent reward to them. Then He joined to them those who followed them in goodness. He said: '...and they are pleased with Him.' Then He, exalted be He, said: 'And among those around you of the Bedouins are hypocrites, and among the people of al-Madīnah are those who have become obstinate in hypocrisy'—that is, they persisted in it and refused anything else. 'We will punish them twice.' The punishment with which God, exalted be He, threatened them twice, as it has reached me, was their distress at the affair of Islam in which they were, and the rage of that which came upon them unexpectedly, then their punishment in the graves when they arrive there, then the great punishment to which they will be brought—the punishment of the Fire and eternity in it. Then He, exalted be He, said: 'And others have confessed their sins. They mixed a righteous deed with another that was evil. Perhaps God will turn to them in mercy. Indeed God is Forgiving, Merciful.' Then He, exalted be He, said: 'Take from their wealth a charity by which you purify them and cause them to increase' to the end of the narrative. Then He, exalted be He, said: 'And others are deferred for the command of God—either He will punish them or He will turn to them in mercy.' Those are the three who were left behind, and the Messenger of God ﷺ deferred their affair until their repentance came from God. Then He, exalted be He, said: 'And those who took a mosque for harm...' etc. Then He, exalted be He, said: 'Indeed God has purchased from the believers their lives and their wealth in exchange for the Garden.' Then came the narrative of the news about Tabūk and what happened there to the end of the sūrah. Barāʾah was called in the time of the Prophet ﷺ and after him 'the Scatterer,' because of what it uncovered of people's secrets. Tabūk was the last expedition that the Messenger of God ﷺ undertook.
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