Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1486
The Expedition of Ḥunayn (Hawāzin)
غَزْوَةُ حُنَيْنٍ: كَانَتْ غَزْوَةُ حُنَيْنٍ وَتُسَمَّى هَوَازِنَ أَيْضًا فِي شَوَّالٍ مِنَ السَّنَةِ الثَّامِنَةِ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ، حَيْثُ فَتَحَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَلَى نَبِيِّهِ مَكَّةَ وَدَخَلَ النَّاسُ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ أَفْوَاجًا، رَأَتْ هَوَازِنُ وَثَقِيفُ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ شَيْءٌ دُونَهُمَا يَمْنَعُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ مِنْ غَزْوِهِمَا، فَسَعَى أَشْرَافُهُمَا إِلَى بَعْضِهِمُ الْبَعْضَ وَعَزَمُوا عَلَى الْمَسِيرِ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَغَزْوِهِ. فَأَجْمَعَتْ هَوَازِنُ أَمْرَهَا وَقَامَ مَالِكُ بْنُ عَوْفٍ النَّصْرِيُّ وَمَعَهُ ثَقِيفٌ كُلُّهَا وَالْعَدِيدُ مِنْ قَبَائِلِ الْعَرَبِ مِمَّنْ لَمْ يُسْلِمُوا بَعْدُ، خَرَجُوا بِنِسَائِهِمْ وَذَرَارِيِّهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ حَتَّى خَرَجُوا مَعَهُمُ الشَّاةُ وَالْغَنَمُ، وَخَرَجَ مَعَهُمْ دُرَيْدُ بْنُ الصِّمَّةِ وَهُوَ شَيْخٌ مُجَرِّبٌ خَرَجَ مُشِيرًا عَلَيْهِمْ، وَكَانَ قَدِ انْتَقَدَ خُرُوجَهُمْ بِنِسَائِهِمْ وَذَرَارِيِّهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ، فَلَمْ يُطِيعُوهُ. وَكَانَ قَدْ نَمَا إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ مَا عَزَمَتْ عَلَيْهِ هَوَازِنُ فَأَرْسَلَ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ أَبِي حَدْرَدٍ يَأْتِيهِ بِخَبَرِ الْقَوْمِ فَدَخَلَ فِيهِمْ وَجَاءَ مُؤَكِّدًا مَا عَزَمُوا عَلَيْهِ، فَأَجْمَعَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ الْمَسِيرَ وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَى مَكَّةَ عَتَّابَ بْنَ أَسِيدٍ أَمِيرًا عَلَيْهَا وَمُعَاذًا مُعَلِّمًا لِأَهْلِهَا، وَخَرَجَ مَعَهُ الْمُهَاجِرُونَ وَالْأَنْصَارُ وَمَسْلَمَةُ الْفَتْحُ فَكَانَ عَدَدُ جَيْشِهِ ﷺ اثْنَا عَشَرَ أَلْفًا، وَقِيلَ: أَكْثَرُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ: لَنْ نُغْلَبَ الْيَوْمَ مِنْ قِلَّةٍ، فَشَقَّ ذَلِكَ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. وَكَانَ قَدْ ذَكَرَ لَهُ ﷺ أَنَّ عِنْدَ صَفْوَانَ أَدْرُعًا وَسِلَاحًا وَهُوَ يَوْمَئِذٍ مُشْرِكٌ فَطَلَبَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مِنْهُ أَنْ يُعِيرَهُ إِيَّاهُ فَقَالَ أَغَصْبًا يَا مُحَمَّدُ، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "لَا بَلْ عَارِيَةٌ مَضْمُونَةٌ حَتَّى نَرُدَّهَا إِلَيْكَ" خَرَجَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَمَعَهُ الْجَيْشُ وَفِي هَذِهِ الْأَثْنَاءِ سَأَلَهُ بَعْضُ مَنْ كَانَ حَدِيثَ عَهْدٍ بِجَاهِلِيَّةٍ أَنِ اجْعَلْ لَنَا ذَاتَ أَنْوَاطٍ كَمَا لِلْمُشْرِكِينَ ذَاتُ أَنْوَاطٍ وَهِيَ شَجَرَةٌ كَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يَذْبَحُونَ عِنْدَهَا وَيَعْكُفُونَ عَلَيْهَا فَقَالَ ﷺ: "اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ، قُلْتُمْ - وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ، كَمَا قَالَ قَوْمُ مُوسَى لِمُوسَى اجْعَلْ لَنَا إِلَهًا كَمَا لَهُمْ آلِهَةٌ قَالَ إِنَّكُمْ قَوْمٌ تَجْهَلُونَ [الْأَعْرَافِ 138] إِنَّهَا لَسَنَنٌ، لَتَرْكَبُنَّ سَنَنَ مَنْ كَانَ قَبْلَكُمْ حَذْوَ الْقُذَّةِ بِالْقُذَّةِ" فَخَرَجَ ﷺ وَالْجَيْشَ مُسْتَقْبِلِينَ وَادِي حُنَيْنٍ وَلَهُ مَضَايِقُ وَشِعَابٌ وَخُطُوطٌ وَقَدْ يَنْحَدِرُونَ فِيهِ انْحِدَارًا فِي عَمَايَةِ الصُّبْحِ، وَكَانَ قَدْ سَبَقَ إِلَيْهِ الْمُشْرِكُونَ وَقَدْ كَمَنُوا فِي شِعَابِهِ وَمَضَايِقِهِ وَكَانُوا رُمَاةً، فَمَا شَعَرُوا إِلَّا وَالْكَتَائِبُ قَدْ خَرَجَتْ إِلَيْهِمْ يَحْمِلُونَ عَلَيْهِمْ حَمْلَةَ رَجُلٍ وَاحِدٍ فَانْهَزَمَتْ مُقَدِّمَةُ الْجَيْشِ وَوَلَّتْ وَكَانَ أَغْلَبُهُمْ مِنْ مَسْلَمَةِ الْفَتْحِ وَتَبِعَهُمُ النَّاسُ مُنْهَزِمِينَ، وَفِي هَذِهِ الْأَثْنَاءِ أَخَذَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ ذَاتَ الْيَمِينِ، وَهُوَ يَدْعُو الْمُنْهَزِمِينَ إِلَيْهِ، فَمَا انْتَبَهُوا وَهُوَ عَلَى بَغْلَتِهِ الشَّهْبَاءِ وَالْعَبَّاسُ آخِذٌ بِلِجَامِهَا وَأَبُو سُفْيَانَ بِرِكَابِهَا وَالنَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَرْكُضُ بِهَا قِبَلَ الْكُفَّارِ لَا يَأْلُوَا مَا أَسْرَعَ نَحْوَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ ﷺ: "أَنَا النَّبِيُّ لَا كَذِبَ" وَأَمَرَ الْعَبَّاسَ وَكَانَ رَجُلًا صِيِّتًا أَنْ يُنَادِيَ يَا مَعْشَرَ الْأَنْصَارِ يَا أَصْحَابَ السَّمُرَةِ يَا أَصْحَابَ سُورَةِ الْبَقَرَةِ، فَجَعَلَ الصَّحَابَةُ يَعْطِفُونَ رَاجِعِينَ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَائِلِينَ يَا لَبَّيْكَ يَا لَبَّيْكَ فَشَدُّوا عَلَى الْقَوْمِ وَصَبَرُوا لَهُمْ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "هَذَا حِينَ حَمِيَ الْوَطِيسُ" ثُمَّ أَخَذَ حَصَيَاتٍ فَرَمَى بِهِنَّ وُجُوهَ الْكُفَّارِ، فَمَا بَقِيَ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ إِلَّا امْتَلَأَتْ عَيْنَاهُ وَفَمَهُ مِنَ التُّرَابِ، فَمَا زَالَ حَدُّهُمْ كَلِيلٌ وَأَمْرُهُمْ مُدْبِرٌ فَمَا رَجَعَ بَقِيَّةُ الْمُنْهَزِمِينَ إِلَّا وَالْأُسَارَى قَدْ كُتِّفُوا وَقَدِ انْهَزَمَ مِنَ الْقَوْمِ مَنِ انْهَزَمَ وَقُتِلَ مَنْ قُتِلَ. وَقَدْ أَرْسَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ نَهِيكَ بْنَ أَوْسٍ الْأَشْهَلِيَّ بَشِيرًا بِمَا فَتَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ. وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ حَالِهِمْ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ فَقَالَ سُبْحَانَهُ: لَقَدْ نَصَرَكُمُ اللَّهُ فِي مَوَاطِنَ كَثِيرَةٍ وَيَوْمَ حُنَيْنٍ إِذْ أَعْجَبَتْكُمْ كَثْرَتُكُمْ فَلَمْ تُغْنِ عَنْكُمْ شَيْئًا وَضَاقَتْ عَلَيْكُمُ الأَرْضُ بِمَا رَحُبَتْ ثُمَّ وَلَّيْتُمْ مُدْبِرِينَ ثُمَّ أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ سَكِينَتَهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ وَعَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَأَنْزَلَ جُنُودًا لَمْ تَرَوْهَا وَعَذَّبَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا وَذَلِكَ جَزَاءُ الْكَافِرِينَ [التَّوْبَةِ: 25، 26]. تَقْسِيمُ الْغَنَائِمِ وَمَا وَقَعَ فِيهَا مِنْ تَأْلِيفِ الْقُلُوبِ وَكَانَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ قَدْ أَمَرَ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ مَا غَنِمَ وَقَدْ سَاقَ الْأُسَارَى وَالسَّبَايَا وَجَمِيعَ الْغَنَائِمِ وَحُبِسَتِ الْجِعِرَّانَةُ، حَتَّى يَنْتَهِيَ مِنَ الطَّائِفِ يَسْتَبْطِئُ بِهَا عَسَى أَنْ تَأْتِيَهُ هَوَازِنُ وَثَقِيفٌ مُسْلِمِينَ، فَمَا جَاءُوا إِلَّا وَقَدْ فَرَّقَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ الْغَنَائِمَ، وَقَدْ جَاءَ وَافِدُهُمْ مُسْلِمًا يَسْأَلُهُ أَنْ يُعِيدَ إِلَيْهِمْ مَا أَخَذَ مِنْهُمْ فَخَيَّرَهُمْ بَيْنَ الْمَالِ وَالذَّرَارِيِّ فَاخْتَارُوا الذُّرِّيَّةَ فَقَالَ: "أَمَّا مَا كَانَ لِي وَلِبَنِي عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ فَهُوَ لَكُمْ، فَإِذَا أَنَا صَلَّيْتُ بِالنَّاسِ فَقُولُوا: إِنَّا نَسْتَشْفِعُ بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ إِلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَبِالْمُسْلِمِينَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ فِي أَبْنَائِنَا وَنِسَائِنَا، فَسَأُعْطِيكُمْ وَأَسْأَلُ فِيكُمْ. فَلَمَّا صَلَّى الظُّهْرَ فَعَلُوا مَا أَمَرَهُمْ بِهِ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ - ﷺ: مَا كَانَ لِي وَلِبَنِي عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ فَهُوَ لَكُمْ" وَتَتَابَعَ النَّاسُ يَجْعَلُونَ مَا لَهُمْ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَّا بَعْضَ الصَّحَابَةِ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: مَنْ كَانَ عِنْدَهُ مِنْهُنَّ شَيْءٌ فَطَابَتْ نَفْسُهُ أَنْ يَرُدَّهُ فَسَبِيلُ ذَلِكَ، وَمَنْ أَمْسَكَ مِنْكُمْ بِحَقِّهِ فَلَهُ بِكُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ سِتُّ فَرَائِضَ مِنْ أَوَّلِ فَيْءٍ يُفِيئُهُ اللَّهُ فَرَدَّ الْمُسْلِمُونَ إِلَى النَّاسِ نِسَاءَهُمْ وَأَبْنَاءَهُمْ وَقَدْ أَعْطَى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ الْعَدِيدَ مِنْ مَسْلَمَةِ الْفَتْحِ وَالْمُشْرِكِينَ مِمَّنْ يُرْجَى إِسْلَامُهُ عَطَاءَ مَنْ لَا يَخْشَى الْفَقْرَ حَتَّى وَجَدَ بَعْضُ شُبَّانِ الْأَنْصَارِ فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ، فَجَمَعَهُمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَرَضَّاهُمْ بِمَا يُطَيِّبُ نُفُوسَهُمْ بِذَهَابِ النَّاسِ بِالشَّاةِ وَالْبَعِيرِ وَرُجُوعِهِمْ بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى دِيَارِهِمْ وَقَدْ دَعَا لَهُمْ وَلِذَرِّيَّتِهِمْ مِنْ بَعْدِهِمْ. وَقَدْ قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ: "مَنْ قَتَلَ كَافِرًا فَلَهُ سَلَبُهُ"، وَنَهَى عَنْ قَتْلِ النِّسَاءِ وَالذُّرِّيَّةِ وَالْعَسِيفِ، وَفِيهَا ضَحِكَ ﷺ مِنْ أُمِّ سُلَيْمٍ حِينَمَا اتَّخَذَتْ خِنْجَرًا لِقَتْلِ مَنْ يَقْتَرِبُ مِنْهَا مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، وَظَهَرَ فِيهَا ثَبَاتُ أُمِّ عِمَارَةَ بِنْتِ كَعْبٍ. وَفِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ قَاتَلَتِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَقَدْ رَآهُمْ غَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، وَدَبَّ الرُّعْبُ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ وَكَانُوا يَسْمَعُونَ مِنَ الصَّوْتِ مَا يُرْعِبُ وَيُخْفِقُ قُلُوبَهُمْ. وَقَدِ اسْتُشْهِدَ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ عَدَدٌ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ مِنْهُمْ أَبُو عَامِرٍ الْأَشْعَرِيُّ، وَأَيْمَنُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ وَابْنُ أُمِّ أَيْمَنَ وَغَيْرِهِمْ. وَقَدْ قَتَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ قُرَابَةَ السَّبْعِينَ وَقُتِلَ فِيهَا دُرَيْدُ بْنُ الصِّمَّةِ قَتَلَهُ رَبِيعَةُ بْنُ رَفِيعٍ. مَا وَقَعَ مِنَ الْآيَاتِ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ حِفْظُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى لَهُ مِمَّنْ أَرَادَ الْفَتْكَ بَلْ دُخُولِهِمُ الْإِسْلَامَ مِنْهُمْ: شَيْبَةُ بْنُ عُثْمَانَ وَالنُّضَيْرُ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ، وَفِيهَا حُصُولُ الْبَرَكَةِ فِي مَاءِ حُنَيْنٍ بِوَضْعِ يَدِهِ ﷺ، وَبُرْءُ جُرْحِ عَائِذِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو ؓ، وَعِيَادَتُهُ ﷺ خَالِدًا وَتَفْلُهُ عَلَى جُرْحِهِ فَبِرَأَ بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى.
Translation
✧ The Expedition of Ḥunayn: It occurred in Shawwāl of the eighth year of the Hijrah, and is also called Hawāzin. When Allah Almighty granted His Prophet the conquest of Makkah and people entered Allah's religion in throngs, Hawāzin and Thaqīf saw that there was nothing besides themselves to prevent the Prophet ﷺ from raiding them. So their nobles urged one another and resolved to march against the Prophet ﷺ and fight him. Hawāzin gathered their forces, and Mālik b. ʿAwf al-Naṣrī rose, accompanied by all of Thaqīf and numerous Arab tribes who had not yet embraced Islam. They set out with their women, children, and wealth, even bringing sheep and goats. Durayd b. al-Ṣimmah, an experienced old man, went with them as an advisor. He had criticized their taking women, children, and wealth, but they did not obey him. The Prophet ﷺ had learned of Hawāzin's resolve, so he sent ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Ḥadrad to bring him news of the people. He infiltrated them and returned confirming their intent. The Prophet ﷺ resolved to march, appointed ʿAttāb b. Asīd as governor over Makkah, and Muʿādh as a teacher for its people. The Muhājirūn, the Anṣār, and those who embraced Islam at the conquest went out with him. His army numbered twelve thousand; it is said, more than that. A man said, "We shall not be defeated today for lack of numbers." This distressed the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. It was mentioned to the Prophet ﷺ that Ṣafwān had coats of mail and weapons, and he was at that time an idolater. The Prophet ﷺ asked him to lend them. He said, "By force, O Muḥammad?" The Prophet ﷺ replied: "No, rather as a guaranteed loan until we return them to you." The Prophet ﷺ and the army set out. Meanwhile, some of those recently out of paganism asked him, "Make for us a Dhāt Anwāṭ as the idolaters have a Dhāt Anwāṭ"—a tree at which the idolaters used to sacrifice and by which they stayed in devotion. He ﷺ said: "Allāhu akbar, Allāhu akbar, Allāhu akbar. You have said, by Him in whose hand is my soul, just as the people of Mūsā said to Mūsā, 'Make for us a god as they have gods.' He said, 'Indeed you are a people who are ignorant' [al-Aʿrāf 138]. These are common ways. You will surely follow the ways of those before you, exactly like one feather of an arrow matches another." He ﷺ and the army set out heading toward the valley of Ḥunayn, which had narrow passes, ravines, and winding paths. They were descending into it in the darkness of dawn. The idolaters had preceded them and lain in ambush in its ravines and narrow passes, and they were archers. Before they knew it, battalions came out against them charging as one man. The vanguard of the army was routed and fled; most of them were from those who embraced Islam at the conquest. The people followed them in retreat. Meanwhile, the Prophet ﷺ took to the right, calling the retreating men back to him, but they did not heed him. He was on his gray mule, al-ʿAbbās holding its bridle and Abū Sufyān its stirrup, and the Prophet ﷺ was spurring it toward the disbelievers, not caring how fast he advanced against the idolaters, saying ﷺ: "I am the Prophet, no lie." He ordered al-ʿAbbās, who had a loud voice, to call out: "O company of the Anṣār, O people of the Samurah tree, O people of Sūrat al-Baqarah." The Companions began turning back toward the Prophet ﷺ, saying, "Labbayk, labbayk." They charged the enemy and held firm against them. The Prophet ﷺ said: "Now the oven is heated." Then he took pebbles and threw them at the faces of the disbelievers. No idolater remained but his eyes and mouth were filled with dust. Their edge remained blunted and their affair turned to retreat. The rest of the routed men returned only to find the captives bound. Some of the enemy fled and some were killed. The Prophet ﷺ sent Nuhayk b. Aws al-Ashalī as a bearer of glad tidings to Madinah about the victory Allah had granted him. Allah Almighty informed about their state in this expedition, saying, Glorified be He: "Allah has already given you victory in many regions and on the day of Ḥunayn, when your great number pleased you, but it did not avail you at all, and the earth was constricted for you, spacious as it is; then you turned back, fleeing. Then Allah sent down His tranquility upon His Messenger and upon the believers, and sent down soldiers you did not see, and punished those who disbelieved. And that is the recompense of the disbelievers" [al-Tawbah: 25, 26]. Division of the spoils and what occurred in it regarding winning hearts: The Prophet ﷺ had ordered that every person hand over what he had taken as booty. He drove the captives, women and children, and all the spoils, and they were held at al-Jiʿrānah until he finished with al-Ṭāʾif, delaying in case Hawāzin and Thaqīf might come to him as Muslims. They did not come until after the Prophet ﷺ had distributed the spoils. Their delegation came as Muslims asking him to return what had been taken from them. He gave them the choice between wealth and children, and they chose the children. He said: "As for what belongs to me and to the sons of ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, it is yours. When I have prayed with the people, say: 'We ask the Messenger of Allah to intercede with the Muslims, and we ask the Muslims to intercede with the Messenger of Allah for our sons and our women.' I will give you and I will ask for you." When he prayed the noon prayer, they did as he had instructed. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "What belongs to me and to the sons of ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib is yours." The people followed one after another assigning their shares to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, except some of the Companions. The Prophet ﷺ said: "Whoever has any of them and is willing to return it, let him do so; and whoever of you holds on to his right, for every person he has, six obligatory shares from the first spoil Allah grants us." The Muslims returned to the people their women and children. The Prophet ﷺ gave many of those who embraced Islam at the conquest and idolaters whose conversion was hoped for gifts of one who does not fear poverty, until some of the young men of the Anṣār felt resentment. The Prophet ﷺ gathered them and pleased them with what would soothe their hearts: that people would go away with sheep and camels while they would return with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ to their homes. He prayed for them and for their descendants after them. The Prophet ﷺ said during this expedition: "Whoever kills a disbeliever, the spoils are his." He forbade killing women, children, and hired servants. During it, he ﷺ laughed at Umm Sulaym when she took a dagger to kill any idolater who approached her. The steadfastness of Umm ʿImārah bt. Kaʿb also appeared. In this expedition, the angels fought alongside the Muslims, and more than one idolater saw them. Terror crept into their hearts, and they heard sounds that frightened them and made their hearts tremble. A number of Companions were martyred in this expedition, among them Abū ʿĀmir al-Ashʿarī, Ayman b. ʿUbayd Allāh, the son of Umm Ayman, and others. Allah Almighty killed about seventy of the idolaters. Durayd b. al-Ṣimmah was killed in it by Rabīʿah b. Rufayʿ. Miracles that occurred in this expedition: Allah's protection of him from those who sought to assassinate him—rather, their entering Islam: Shaybah b. ʿUthmān and al-Nuḍayr b. al-Ḥārith. In it occurred the blessing in the water of Ḥunayn by placing his hand, the healing of the wound of ʿĀʾidh b. ʿAmr ؓ, and his ﷺ visiting Khālid and spitting on his wound, which healed by Allah's permission.
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