Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1414
The Conquest of Makkah
فَتْحُ مَكَّةَ وَقَعَتْ غَزْوَةُ فَتْحِ مَكَّةَ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّامِنَةِ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَكَانَ سَبَبُهَا نَقْضَ قُرَيْشٍ الْعَهْدَ الَّذِي بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ بَنِي بَكْرٍ كَانَتْ قَدْ دَخَلَتْ فِي حِلْفِ قُرَيْشٍ وَبَنِي خُزَاعَةَ قَدْ دَخَلَتْ فِي حِلْفِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، فَقَاتَلَتْ بَنُو بَكْرٍ خُزَاعَةَ وَقَتَلُوهُمْ حَتَّى أَلْجَؤُوهُمْ إِلَى الْحَرَمِ وَقَتَلُوهُمْ فِيهِ، وَعَاوَنَتْهَا قُرَيْشٌ بِالسِّلَاحِ وَالرِّجَالِ خِفْيَةً، وَقَدِمَ عَلَيْهِ عَمْرُو بْنُ سَالِمٍ الْخُزَاعِيُّ يُنَاشِدُهُ النَّصْرَ بِمَا بَيْنَهُمْ مِنْ حَلِفٍ وَإِسْلَامٍ ذَاكِرًا مَا فَعَلَتْهُ بَنُو بَكْرٍ وَقُرَيْشٌ بِهِمْ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ «نُصِرْتَ يَا عَمْرَو بْنَ سَالِمٍ فَمَا بَرِحَ حَتَّى مَرَّتْ عَنَانَةٌ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ فَرَعَدَتْ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: إِنَّ هَذِهِ السَّحَابَةَ لَتَسْتَهِلُّ بِنَصْرِ بَنِي كَعْبٍ وَعَلَى إِثْرِ ذَلِكَ أَرْسَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ إِلَى قُرَيْشٍ يُخَيِّرُهَا بَيْنَ ثَلَاثٍ، إِمَّا أَنْ يَدُوا الْقَتْلَى مِنْ خُزَاعَةَ أَوْ يَتَبَرَّؤُوا مِنْ حِلْفِ بَنِي نُفَاثَةَ أَوْ أَنْ يَنْبِذَ إِلَيْهِمْ عَلَى سَوَاءٍ فَاخْتَارَتْ قُرَيْشٌ خِيَارَ الْحَرْبِ. وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَقَالَ: لَكَأَنَّكُمْ بِأَبِي سُفْيَانَ قَدْ جَاءَ يَقُولُ: جَدِّدِ الْعَهْدَ وَزِدْ فِي الْهُدْنَةِ، وَهُوَ رَاجِعٌ بِسُخْطِهِ فَكَانَ كَمَا قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ. وَأَمَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَصْحَابَهُ بِالْجِدِّ وَالتَّجْهِيزِ لِلْغَزْوِ، وَأَخَذَ فِي جِهَازِهِ ﷺ وَأَخْفَى وُجْهَتَهُ وَقَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ خُذِ الْعُيُونَ وَالْأَخْبَارَ عَنْ قُرَيْشٍ حَتَّى نَبْغَتَهَا فِي بِلَادِهَا فَتَجَهَّزَ النَّاسُ وَكَتَبَ حَاطِبُ بْنُ أَبِي بَلْتَعَةَ كِتَابًا وَأَرْسَلُهُ مَعَ امْرَأَةٍ إِلَى قُرَيْشٍ يُخْبِرُهُمْ بِمَسِيرِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ إِلَيْهِمْ حَتَّى يَكُونَ لَهُ يَدٌ عِنْدَ قُرَيْشٍ فَلَا يَعْدُوا عَلَى أَهْلِهِ وَوَلَدِهِ إِذْ لَيْسَ فِيهَا مَنْ يَمْنَعُهُمْ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ، وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ نَبِيَّهُ بِمَا صَنَعَ حَاطِبٌ فَأَرْسَلَ فِي طَلَبِ الْمَرْأَةِ وَالْكِتَابِ، وَعَاتَبَ حَاطِبًا فَأَخْبَرَهُ بِأَنَّهُ مَا فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ كُفْرًا أَوْ نِفَاقًا وَلَكِنَّ خَوْفًا عَلَى أَهْلِهِ، وَأَرَادَ عُمَرُ الْإِذْنَ مِنَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ فِي قَتْلِهِ، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "مَا يُدْرِيكَ يَا عُمَرُ، إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ اطَّلَعَ إِلَى أَصْحَابِ بَدْرٍ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ فَقَالَ: اعْمَلُوا مَا شِئْتُمْ فَقَدْ غَفَرْتُ لَكُمْ" وَأَرْسَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ سَرِيَّةً إِلَى بَطْنِ إِضَمَ لِيَظُنَّ الظَّانُّ أَنَّ هَذِهِ وُجْهَتُهُ، وَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ مِنْ حَوْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ أَوْ يُوَافُوهُ بِالْمَدِينَةِ فِي رَمَضَانَ، وَاسْتَخْلَفَ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ أَبَا رُهْمٍ كُلْثُومَ بْنَ حُصَيْنٍ الْغِفَارِيَّ، وَيُقَالُ: ابْنُ أُمِّ مَكْتُومٍ. فَخَرَجَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مُتَوَجِّهًا إِلَى مَكَّةَ مَعَهُ الْمُهَاجِرُونَ وَالْأَنْصَارُ وَطَوَائِفُ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ وَقَادُوا الْخَيْلَ وَامْتَطَوُا الْإِبِلَ وَقَدَّمَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَمَامَهُ الزُّبَيْرَ بْنَ الْعَوَّامِ فِي مِائَتَيْنِ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ قَدِيدًا عَقَدَ الْأَلْوِيَةَ وَالرَّايَاتِ وَدَفَعَهَا إِلَى الْقَبَائِلِ، وَجَاءَهُ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَبِي أُمَيَّةَ بْنِ الْمُغِيرَةِ فَأَسْلَمَا. وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ الْكَدِيدَ أَفْطَرَ وَأَمَرَ النَّاسَ بِالْفِطْرِ رُخْصَةً وَبَيَّنَ لَهُمْ أَنَّ الْفِطَرَ أَقْوَى لَهُمْ. وَخَرَجَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ وَحَكِيمُ بْنُ حِزَامٍ وَبُدَيْلُ بْنُ وَرْقَاءَ يَتَلَمَّسُونَ خَبَرَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَفَاجَأَهُمْ جَيْشُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَأَتَى بِهِ الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ وَقَدْ أَمَّنَهُ حَتَّى دَخَلَ بِهِ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، فَأَسْلَمَ، وَأَمَرَ بِأَبِي سُفْيَانَ فَأُوقِفَ عَلَى الطَّرِيقِ حَتَّى تَمُرَّ بِهِ جُنُودُ اللَّهِ فَيَرَاهَا، وَظَلَّ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ يَسْأَلُ كُلَّمَا مَرَّ عَلَيْهِ طَائِفَةٌ مِنَ الْجَيْشِ وَيَتَعَجَّبُ مِنْ أَمْرِهِمْ حَتَّى مَرَّتْ بِهِ كَتِيبَةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْخَضْرَاءُ فِيهَا الْمُهَاجِرُونَ وَالْأَنْصَارُ فِي الْحَدِيدِ لَا يُرَى مِنْهُمْ إِلَّا الْحَدَقُ. وَأَمَّنَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ قُرَيْشًا فَجَعَلَ مَنْ دَخَلَ بَيْتَهُ أَوِ الْمَسْجِدَ أَوْ بَيْتَ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ، إِلَّا بَعْضُ نَفَرٍ مِنْهُمْ عَبْدُ الْعُزَّى بْنُ خَطَلٍ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي السَّرْحِ، وَالْحُوَيْرِثُ بْنُ نُقَيْذٍ وَغَيْرُهُمْ إِلَّا أَنَّ ابْنَ أَبِي السَّرْحِ أَمَّنَهُ عُثْمَانُ ؓ وَكَانَ أَخُوهُ فِي الرَّضَاعَةِ وَكَانَ قَدِ ارْتَدَّ ثُمَّ أَسْلَمَ وَحَسُنَ إِسْلَامُهُ ؓ، وَقَتَلَ جَارِيَتَيْنِ لِابْنِ خَطَلٍ أَيْضًا. وَدَخَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مَكَّةَ فَاتِحًا وَكَانَ لِوَاؤُهُ أَبْيَضَ وَرَايَتُهُ الْعُقَابُ سَوْدَاءَ، وَأَمَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَنْ يَكُفُّوا أَيْدِيَهُمْ وَأَلَّا يَقْتُلُوا إِلَّا مَنْ قَاتَلَهُمْ. وَنَزَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي قُبَّةٍ بِالْحَجُونِ ضُرِبَتْ لَهُ، وَاغْتَسَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَوْمَ الْفَتْحِ وَصَلَّى صَلَاةَ الْفَتْحِ ثَمَانِيَ رَكَعَاتٍ. وَجَاءَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَطَافَ بِالْبَيْتِ وَطَلَبَ مِفْتَاحَ الْكَعْبَةِ فَأَخَذَهُ وَدَخَلَ الْكَعْبَةَ فَصَلَّى بِهَا، وَخَطَبَ فِي النَّاسِ وَكَانَ فِيمَا قَالَ ﷺ: يَا مَعْشَرَ قُرَيْشٍ مَاذَا تَقُولُونَ ؟ مَاذَا تَظُنُّونَ ؟ " قَالُوا: نَقُولُ خَيْرًا وَنَظُنُّ خَيْرًا، نَبِيٌّ كَرِيمٌ، وَأَخٌ كَرِيمٌ، وَابْنُ أَخٍ كَرِيمٍ، وَقَدْ قَدَرْتَ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ «فَإِنِّي أَقُولُ كَمَا قَالَ أَخِي يُوسُفُ: لَا تَثْرِيبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْيَوْمَ يَغْفِرُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ وَهُوَ أَرْحَمُ الرَّاحِمِينَ [يُوسُفَ 92] «اذْهَبُوا فَأَنْتُمُ الطُّلَقَاءُ" فَخَرَجُوا كَأَنَّمَا نُشِرُوا مِنَ الْقُبُورِ فَدَخَلُوا فِي الْإِسْلَامِ. وَجَاءَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِمِفْتَاحِ الْكَعْبَةِ وَرَدَّهُ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ بْنِ طَلْحَةَ وَقَالَ: «خُذُوهَا خَالِدَةً تَالِدَةً لَا يَنْزِعُهَا مِنْكُمْ إِلَّا ظَالِمٌ وَقَدْ أَمَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِتَكْسِيرِ الْأَصْنَامِ حَوْلَ الْكَعْبَةِ، وَبَايَعَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ النَّاسَ وَالنِّسَاءَ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، وَقَامَ بِلَالٌ فَارْتَقَى فَوْقَ الْكَعْبَةِ فَأَذَّنَ، وَأَسْلَمَ يَوْمَئِذٍ السَّائِبُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْمَخْزُومِيُّ، وَسُهَيْلُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو، وَالْحَارِثُ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، وَعُتْبَةُ وَمُعَتِّبٌ وَلَدَا أَبِي لَهَبٍ، عِكْرِمَةُ بْنُ أَبِي جَهْلٍ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الزِّبَعْرَى، وَصَفْوَانُ بْنُ أُمَيَّةَ، وَهِنْدُ بِنْتُ عُتْبَةَ. وَبَثَّ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ سَرَايَاهُ وَفَرَّقَهَا لِتَحْطِيمِ الْأَصْنَامِ حَوْلَ الْكَعْبَةِ، وَوَضَعَ الْهِجْرَةَ، فَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ الْفَتْحِ فَتْحِ مَكَّةَ: «لَا هِجْرَةَ بَعْدَ الْفَتْحِ، وَلَكِنْ جِهَادٌ وَنِيَّةٌ وَإِذَا اسْتُنْفِرْتُمْ فَانْفِرُوا" وَقَدْ تَخَوَّفَتِ الْأَنْصَارُ أَنْ يَبْقَى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِمَكَّةَ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ لَهُمْ مُطَمْئِنًا: الْمَحْيَا مَحْيَاكُمْ وَالْمَمَاتُ مَمَاتُكُمْ
Translation
✧ The conquest of Makkah. The expedition of the conquest of Makkah occurred in the eighth year of the Hijrah. Its cause was Quraysh's breach of the treaty between them and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ at al-Ḥudaybiyyah. That was because Banū Bakr had entered into the alliance of Quraysh, and Banū Khuzāʿah had entered into the alliance of the Prophet ﷺ. Banū Bakr fought Khuzāʿah and killed them until they forced them into the sanctuary and killed them there, and Quraysh aided them with weapons and men secretly. ʿAmr b. Sālim al-Khuzāʿī came to him imploring his support by virtue of the alliance and Islam between them, mentioning what Banū Bakr and Quraysh had done to them. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "You are helped, O ʿAmr b. Sālim." He had not left before a cloud from the sky passed by and thundered, so the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Indeed this cloud is beginning to pour with the victory of Banū Kaʿb." Following that, the Prophet ﷺ sent to Quraysh offering them a choice among three things: either they pay blood money for the slain of Khuzāʿah, or they disavow the alliance of Banū Nufāthah, or he would declare war against them on equal terms. Quraysh chose the option of war. The Prophet ﷺ had foretold, saying: "It is as if you see Abū Sufyān coming and saying: Renew the pact and extend the truce, while he returns with his displeasure." And it happened as the Prophet ﷺ said. The Prophet ﷺ ordered his companions to prepare seriously and equip for the expedition. He began his own preparations ﷺ and concealed his destination, saying: "O Allah, seize the eyes and the news from Quraysh so that we may take them by surprise in their land." So the people prepared. Ḥāṭib b. Abī Baltaʿah wrote a letter and sent it with a woman to Quraysh informing them of the Prophet's ﷺ march towards them, so that he might have a favor with Quraysh and they would not harm his family and children, since he had no one there to protect them from Quraysh. Allah, glorified be He, informed His Prophet of what Ḥāṭib had done, so he sent in pursuit of the woman and the letter. He reproached Ḥāṭib, who informed him that he had not done that out of disbelief or hypocrisy, but out of fear for his family. ʿUmar sought permission from the Prophet ﷺ to kill him, but the Prophet ﷺ said: "What makes you know, O ʿUmar? Indeed Allah, mighty and majestic be He, looked upon the people of Badr on the day of Badr and said: Do whatever you wish, for I have forgiven you." The Prophet ﷺ sent a detachment to the valley of Iḍam so that anyone thinking would suppose that this was his direction. He sent to the Muslims around Madinah to meet him in Madinah in Ramaḍān, and he appointed Abū Ruhm Kulthūm b. Ḥuṣayn al-Ghifārī as his deputy over Madinah, and it is said: Ibn Umm Maktūm. The Prophet ﷺ set out heading for Makkah with the Muhājirūn, the Anṣār, and groups of Arabs. They led the horses and rode the camels. The Prophet ﷺ placed ahead of him al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām with two hundred Muslims. When the Prophet ﷺ reached Qudayd, he tied the banners and standards and distributed them to the tribes. Abū Sufyān b. al-Ḥārith and ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Umayyah b. al-Mughīrah came to him and embraced Islam. When the Prophet ﷺ reached al-Kadīd, he broke his fast and ordered the people to break their fast as a concession, explaining to them that breaking the fast would make them stronger. Abū Sufyān, Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām, and Budayl b. Warqāʾ went out seeking news of the Prophet ﷺ. The army of the Prophet ﷺ surprised them, and al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib brought him after granting him safety until he entered with him upon the Prophet ﷺ. He embraced Islam. He ordered Abū Sufyān to be stationed on the road so that the armies of Allah would pass by him and he would see them. Abū Sufyān kept asking about every group of the army that passed by and marveling at their affair, until the green battalion of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ passed by him, containing the Muhājirūn and the Anṣār in iron armor, with nothing visible of them but their pupils. The Prophet ﷺ granted safety to Quraysh, making whoever entered his house, the mosque, or the house of Abū Sufyān safe, except for a few individuals among them: ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā b. Khaṭal, ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd b. Abī al-Sarḥ, al-Ḥuwayrith b. Nuqaydh, and others. However, Ibn Abī al-Sarḥ was granted safety by ʿUthmān ؓ, who was his foster brother. He had apostatized but then embraced Islam and his Islam became good ؓ. He also ordered the killing of two slave women belonging to Ibn Khaṭal. The Prophet ﷺ entered Makkah as a conqueror. His banner was white and his standard was the black eagle. The Prophet ﷺ ordered them to restrain their hands and not to kill anyone except those who fought them. The Prophet ﷺ alighted in a tent at al-Ḥajūn that was pitched for him. The Prophet ﷺ performed the ritual bath on the day of the conquest and prayed the prayer of victory, eight rakʿahs. The Prophet ﷺ came and circumambulated the House. He asked for the key of the Kaʿbah and took it and entered the Kaʿbah and prayed inside it. He addressed the people, and among what he said ﷺ was: "O assembly of Quraysh, what do you say? What do you think?" They said: "We say good and think good: a noble prophet, a noble brother, and a noble nephew, and you have prevailed." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Indeed I say as my brother Yūsuf said: 'No blame upon you today. May Allah forgive you, and He is the Most Merciful of the merciful' [Yūsuf 92]. Go, for you are the freed ones." So they went out as if they had been raised from the graves and entered Islam. The Prophet ﷺ came with the key of the Kaʿbah and returned it to ʿUthmān b. Ṭalḥah and said: "Take it, everlasting and inherited; none will remove it from you except an oppressor." The Prophet ﷺ ordered the breaking of the idols around the Kaʿbah. The Prophet ﷺ took the pledge of allegiance from the men and the women upon Islam. Bilāl stood up and climbed above the Kaʿbah and gave the call to prayer. On that day, al-Sāʾib b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Makhzūmī, Suhayl b. ʿAmr, al-Ḥārith b. Hishām, ʿUtbah and Muʿattib the two sons of Abū Lahab, ʿIkrimah b. Abī Jahl, ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zibaʿrā, Ṣafwān b. Umayyah, and Hind bt. ʿUtbah embraced Islam. The Prophet ﷺ dispatched his detachments and distributed them to destroy the idols around the Kaʿbah, and he abolished the Hijrah. Ibn ʿAbbās ؓ said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said on the day of the conquest, the conquest of Makkah: "There is no Hijrah after the conquest, but jihad and intention, and when you are called to march, then march." The Anṣār feared that the Prophet ﷺ would remain in Makkah, so the Prophet ﷺ said to them reassuringly: "My life is your life, and my death is your death."
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