Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1013
The Great Expedition of Badr
نُزُولُ سُورَةِ الْأَنْفَالِ [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي تَقْسِيمِ الْأَنْفَالِ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: فَلَمَّا انْقَضَى أَمْرُ بَدْرٍ، أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِيهِ مِنْ الْقُرْآنِ الْأَنْفَالَ بِأَسْرِهَا، فَكَانَ مِمَّا نَزَلَ مِنْهَا فِي اخْتِلَافِهِمْ فِي النَّفَلِ حِينَ اخْتَلَفُوا فِيهِ: يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْأَنْفَالِ قُلِ الْأَنْفَالُ لِلَّهِ وَالرَّسُولِ فَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَأَصْلِحُوا ذَاتَ بَيْنِكُمْ وَأَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ فَكَانَ عُبَادَةُ بْنُ الصَّامِتِ - فِيمَا بَلَغَنِي - إذَا سُئِلَ عَنْ الْأَنْفَالِ، قَالَ: فِينَا مَعْشَرَ أَهْلِ بَدْرٍ نَزَلَتْ، حِينَ اخْتَلَفْنَا فِي النَّفَلِ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ، فَانْتَزَعَهُ اللَّهُ مِنْ أَيْدِينَا حِينَ سَاءَتْ فِيهِ أَخْلَاقُنَا، فَرَدَّهُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَقَسَمَهُ بَيْنَنَا عَنْ بَوَاءٍ - يَقُولُ: عَلَى السَّوَاءِ - وَكَانَ فِي ذَلِكَ تَقْوَى اللَّهِ وَطَاعَتُهُ، وَطَاعَةُ رَسُولِهِ ﷺ، وَصَلَاحُ ذَاتِ الْبَيْنِ. [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي خُرُوجِ الْقَوْمِ مَعَ الرَّسُولِ لِمُلَاقَاةِ قُرَيْشٍ ] ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ الْقَوْمَ وَمَسِيرَهُمْ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ حِينَ عَرَفَ الْقَوْمُ أَنَّ قُرَيْشًا قَدْ سَارُوا إلَيْهِمْ، وَإِنَّمَا خَرَجُوا يُرِيدُونَ الْعِيرَ طَمَعًا فِي الْغَنِيمَةِ، فَقَالَ: كَمَا أَخْرَجَكَ رَبُّكَ مِنْ بَيْتِكَ بِالْحَقِّ وَإِنَّ فَرِيقًا مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ لَكَارِهُونَ يُجَادِلُونَكَ فِي الْحَقِّ بَعْدَمَا تَبَيَّنَ كَأَنَّمَا يُسَاقُونَ إِلَى الْمَوْتِ وَهُمْ يَنْظُرُونَ أَيْ كَرَاهِيَةً لِلِقَاءِ الْقَوْمِ، وَإِنْكَارًا لِمَسِيرِ قُرَيْشٍ، حِينَ ذُكِرُوا لَهُمْ وَإِذْ يَعِدُكُمُ اللَّهُ إِحْدَى الطَّائِفَتَيْنِ أَنَّهَا لَكُمْ وَتَوَدُّونَ أَنَّ غَيْرَ ذَاتِ الشَّوْكَةِ تَكُونُ لَكُمْ أَيْ الْغَنِيمَةَ دُونَ الْحَرْبِ وَيُرِيدُ اللَّهُ أَنْ يُحِقَّ الْحَقَّ بِكَلِمَاتِهِ وَيَقْطَعَ دَابِرَ الْكَافِرِينَ أَيْ بِالْوَقْعَةِ الَّتِي أَوْقَعَ بِصَنَادِيدِ قُرَيْشٍ وَقَادَتِهِمْ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ إِذْ تَسْتَغِيثُونَ رَبَّكُمْ أَيْ لِدُعَائِهِمْ حِينَ نَظَرُوا إلَى كَثْرَةِ عَدُوِّهِمْ، وَقِلَّةِ عَدَدِهِمْ فَاسْتَجَابَ لَكُمْ بِدُعَاءِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَدُعَائِكُمْ أَنِّي مُمِدُّكُمْ بِأَلْفٍ مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ مُرْدِفِينَ إِذْ يُغَشِّيكُمُ النُّعَاسَ أَمَنَةً مِنْهُ أَيْ أَنْزَلْتُ عَلَيْكُمْ الْأَمَنَةَ حِينَ نِمْتُمْ لَا تَخَافُونَ وَيُنَزِّلُ عَلَيْكُمْ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً لِلْمَطَرِ الَّذِي أَصَابَهُمْ تِلْكَ اللَّيْلَةَ، فَحَبَسَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ أَنْ يَسْبِقُوا إلَى الْمَاءِ، وَخَلَّى سَبِيلَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إلَيْهِ لِيُطَهِّرَكُمْ بِهِ وَيُذْهِبَ عَنْكُمْ رِجْزَ الشَّيْطَانِ وَلِيَرْبِطَ عَلَى قُلُوبِكُمْ وَيُثَبِّتَ بِهِ الْأَقْدَامَ أَيْ لِيُذْهِبَ عَنْكُمْ شَكَّ الشَّيْطَانِ، لِتَخْوِيفِهِ إيَّاهُمْ عَدُوَّهُمْ، وَاسْتِجْلَادِ الْأَرْضِ لَهُمْ، حَتَّى انْتَهَوْا إلَى مَنْزِلِهِمْ الَّذِي سَبَقُوا إلَيْهِ عَدُوَّهُمْ. [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي تَبْشِيرِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ بِالْمُسَاعَدَةِ وَالنَّصْرِ، وَتَحْرِيضِهِمْ ] ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: إِذْ يُوحِي رَبُّكَ إِلَى الْمَلَائِكَةِ أَنِّي مَعَكُمْ فَثَبِّتُوا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَيْ آزِرُوا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا سَأُلْقِي فِي قُلُوبِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا الرُّعْبَ فَاضْرِبُوا فَوْقَ الْأَعْنَاقِ وَاضْرِبُوا مِنْهُمْ كُلَّ بَنَانٍ ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ شَاقُّوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَمَنْ يُشَاقِقِ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولَهُ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ ثُمَّ قَالَ: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا لَقِيتُمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا زَحْفًا فَلَا تُوَلُّوهُمُ الْأَدْبَارَ وَمَنْ يُوَلِّهِمْ يَوْمَئِذٍ دُبُرَهُ إِلَّا مُتَحَرِّفًا لِقِتَالٍ أَوْ مُتَحَيِّزًا إِلَى فِئَةٍ فَقَدْ بَاءَ بِغَضَبٍ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَمَأْوَاهُ جَهَنَّمُ وَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ أَيْ تَحْرِيضًا لَهُمْ عَلَى عَدُوِّهِمْ لِئَلَّا يَنْكُلُوا عَنْهُمْ إذَا لَقُوهُمْ، وَقَدْ وَعَدَهُمْ اللَّهُ فِيهِمْ مَا وَعَدَهُمْ. [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي رَمْيِ الرَّسُولِ لِلْمُشْرِكِينَ بِالْحَصْبَاءِ ] ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى فِي رَمْيِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ إيَّاهُمْ بِالْحَصْبَاءِ مِنْ يَدِهِ، حِينَ رَمَاهُمْ: وَمَا رَمَيْتَ إِذْ رَمَيْتَ وَلَكِنَّ اللَّهَ رَمَى أَيْ لَمْ يَكُنْ ذَلِكَ بِرَمْيَتِكَ، لَوْلَا الَّذِي جَعَلَ اللَّهُ فِيهَا مِنْ نَصْرِكَ، وَمَا أَلْقَى فِي صُدُورِ عَدُوِّكَ مِنْهَا حِينَ هَزَمَهُمْ اللَّهُوَلِيُبْلِيَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ مِنْهُ بَلَاءً حَسَنًا أَيْ لِيُعَرِّفَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ مِنْ نِعْمَتِهِ عَلَيْهِمْ فِي إظْهَارِهِمْ عَلَى عَدُوِّهِمْ، وَقِلَّةِ عَدَدِهِمْ، لِيَعْرِفُوا بِذَلِكَ حَقَّهُ، وَيَشْكُرُوا بِذَلِكَ نِعْمَتَهُ. [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي حَضِّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى طَاعَةِ الرَّسُولِ ] ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَلَا تَوَلَّوْا عَنْهُ وَأَنْتُمْ تَسْمَعُونَ أَيْ لَا تُخَالِفُوا أَمْرَهُ وَأَنْتُمْ تَسْمَعُونَ لِقَوْلِهِ، وَتَزْعُمُونَ أَنَّكُمْ مِنْهُ، وَلَا تَكُونُوا كَالَّذِينَ قَالُوا سَمِعْنَا وَهُمْ لَا يَسْمَعُونَ أَيْ كَالْمُنَافِقِينَ الَّذِينَ يُظْهِرُونَ لَهُ الطَّاعَةَ، وَيُسِرُّونَ لَهُ الْمَعْصِيَةَ إِنَّ شَرَّ الدَّوَابِّ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ الصُّمُّ الْبُكْمُ الَّذِينَ لَا يَعْقِلُونَ أَيْ الْمُنَافِقُونَ الَّذِينَ نَهَيْتُكُمْ أَنْ تَكُونُوا مِثْلَهُمْ، بُكْمٌ عَنْ الْخَيْرِ، صُمٌّ عَنْ الْحَقِّ، لَا يَعْقِلُونَ: لَا يَعْرِفُونَ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ فِي ذَلِكَ مِنْ النِّقْمَةِ وَالتَّبَاعَةِ وَلَوْ عَلِمَ اللَّهُ فِيهِمْ خَيْرًا لَأَسْمَعَهُمْ أَيْ لَأَنْفَذَ لَهُمْ قَوْلَهُمْ الَّذِي قَالُوا بِأَلْسِنَتِهِمْ، وَلَكِنَّ الْقُلُوبَ خَالَفَتْ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُمْ، وَلَوْ أَسْمَعَهُمْ لَتَوَلَّوْا وَهُمْ مُعْرِضُونَ مَا وَفَوْا لَكُمْ بِشَيْءٍ مِمَّا خَرَجُوا عَلَيْهِ. يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اسْتَجِيبُوا لِلَّهِ وَلِلرَّسُولِ إِذَا دَعَاكُمْ لِمَا يُحْيِيكُمْ أَيْ لِلْحَرْبِ الَّتِي أَعَزَّكُمْ اللَّهُ بِهَا بَعْدَ الذُّلِّ، وَقَوَّاكُمْ بِهَا بَعْدَ الضَّعْفِ، وَمَنَعَكُمْ بِهَا مِنْ عَدُوِّكُمْ بَعْدَ الْقَهْرِ مِنْهُمْ لَكُمْ، وَاذْكُرُوا إِذْ أَنْتُمْ قَلِيلٌ مُسْتَضْعَفُونَ فِي الْأَرْضِ تَخَافُونَ أَنْ يَتَخَطَّفَكُمُ النَّاسُ فَآوَاكُمْ وَأَيَّدَكُمْ بِنَصْرِهِ وَرَزَقَكُمْ مِنَ الطَّيِّبَاتِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَخُونُوا اللَّهَ وَالرَّسُولَ وَتَخُونُوا أَمَانَاتِكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ أَيْ لَا تُظْهِرُوا لَهُ مِنْ الْحَقِّ مَا يَرْضَى بِهِ مِنْكُمْ، ثُمَّ تُخَالِفُوهُ فِي السِّرِّ إلَى غَيْرِهِ، فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ هَلَاكٌ لِأَمَانَاتِكُمْ، وَخِيَانَةٌ لِأَنْفُسِكُمْ. يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنْ تَتَّقُوا اللَّهَ يَجْعَلْ لَكُمْ فُرْقَانًا وَيُكَفِّرْ عَنْكُمْ سَيِّئَاتِكُمْ وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ وَاللَّهُ ذُو الْفَضْلِ الْعَظِيمِ أَيْ فَصْلًا بَيْنَ الْحَقِّ وَالْبَاطِلِ، لِيُظْهِرَ اللَّهُ بِهِ حَقَّكُمْ، وَيُطْفِئَ بِهِ بَاطِلَ مَنْ خَالَفَكُمْ. [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي ذِكْرِ نِعْمَةِ اللَّهِ عَلَى الرَّسُولِ ] ثُمَّ ذَكَّرَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِنِعْمَتِهِ عَلَيْهِ، حِينَ مَكَرَ بِهِ الْقَوْمُ لِيَقْتُلُوهُ أَوْ يُثْبِتُوهُ أَوْ يُخْرِجُوهُ وَيَمْكُرُونَ وَيَمْكُرُ اللَّهُ وَاللَّهُ خَيْرُ الْمَاكِرِينَ أَيْ فَمَكَرْتُ بِهِمْ بِكَيْدِي الْمَتِينِ حَتَّى خَلَّصْتُكَ مِنْهُمْ. [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي غِرَّةِ قُرَيْشٍ وَاسْتِفْتَاحِهِمْ ] ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ غِرَّةَ قُرَيْشٍ وَاسْتِفْتَاحَهُمْ عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمْ، إذْ قَالُوا: اللَّهُمَّ إِنْ كَانَ هَذَا هُوَ الْحَقَّ مِنْ عِنْدِكَ أَيْ مَا جَاءَ بِهِ مُحَمَّدٌ فَأَمْطِرْ عَلَيْنَا حِجَارَةً مِنَ السَّمَاءِ كَمَا أَمْطَرْتهَا عَلَى قَوْمِ لُوطٍ أَوِ ائْتِنَا بِعَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ أَيْ بَعْضِ مَا عَذَّبْتُ بِهِ الْأُمَمَ قَبْلَنَا، وَكَانُوا يَقُولُونَ: إنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُعَذِّبُنَا وَنَحْنُ نَسْتَغْفِرُهُ، وَلَمْ يُعَذِّبْ أُمَّةً وَنَبِيُّهَا مَعَهَا حَتَّى يُخْرِجَهُ عَنْهَا. وَذَلِكَ مِنْ قَوْلِهِمْ وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَيْنَ أَظْهُرِهِمْ، فَقَالَ تَعَالَى لِنَبِيِّهِ ﷺ، يَذْكُرُ جَهَالَتَهُمْ وَغِرَّتَهُمْ وَاسْتِفْتَاحَهُمْ عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمْ، حِينَ نَعَى سُوءَ أَعْمَالِهِمْ: وَمَا كَانَ اللَّهُ لِيُعَذِّبَهُمْ وَأَنْتَ فِيهِمْ وَمَا كَانَ اللَّهُ مُعَذِّبَهُمْ وَهُمْ يَسْتَغْفِرُونَ أَيْ لِقَوْلِهِمْ: إنَّا نَسْتَغْفِرُ وَمُحَمَّدٌ بَيْنَ أَظْهُرِنَا، ثُمَّ قَالَ وَمَا لَهُمْ أَلَّا يُعَذِّبَهُمُ اللَّهُ وَإِنْ كُنْتَ بَيْنَ أَظْهُرِهِمْ وَإِنْ كَانُوا يَسْتَغْفِرُونَ كَمَا يَقُولُونَ وَهُمْ يَصُدُّونَ عَنِ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ أَيْ مَنْ آمَنَ بِاَللَّهِ وَعَبْدَهُ: أَيْ أَنْتَ وَمَنْ اتَّبَعَكَ، وَمَا كَانُوا أَوْلِيَاءَهُ إِنْ أَوْلِيَاؤُهُ إِلَّا الْمُتَّقُونَ الَّذِينَ يُحَرِّمُونَ حُرْمَتَهُ وَيُقِيمُونَ الصَّلَاةَ عِنْدَهُ: أَيْ أَنْتَ وَمَنْ آمَنَ بِكَ وَلَكِنَّ أَكْثَرَهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ وَمَا كَانَ صَلَاتُهُمْ عِنْدَ الْبَيْتِ الَّتِي يَزْعُمُونَ أَنَّهُ يَدْفَعُ بِهَا عَنْهُمْ إِلَّا مُكَاءً وَتَصْدِيَةً [ تَفْسِيرُ ابْنِ هِشَامٍ لِبَعْضِ الْغَرِيبِ ] قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: الْمُكَاءُ: الصَّفِيرُ. وَالتَّصْدِيَةُ: التَّصْفِيقُ. قَالَ عَنْتَرَةُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو ( ابْنُ شَدَّادٍ ) الْعَبْسِيُّ: وَلَرُبَّ قِرْنٍ قَدْ تَرَكْتُ مُجَدَّلًا تَمْكُو فَرِيصَتُهُ كَشِدْقِ الْأَعْلَمِ يَعْنِي: صَوْتَ خُرُوجِ الدَّمِ مِنْ الطَّعْنَةِ، كَأَنَّهُ الصَّفِيرُ. وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ. وَقَالَ الطِّرِمَّاحُ بْنُ حَكِيمٍ الطَّائِيُّ: : لَهَا كُلَّمَا رِيعَتْ صَدَاةٌ وَرَكْدَةٌ بِمُصْدَانَ أَعْلَى ابْنَيْ شَمَامِ الْبَوَائِنِ وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ. يَعْنِي الْأُرْوِيَّةَ، يَقُولُ: إذَا فَزِعَتْ قَرَعَتْ بِيَدِهَا الصَّفَاةَ ثُمَّ رَكَدَتْ تَسْمَعُ صَدَى قَرْعِهَا بِيَدِهَا الصَّفَاةَ مِثْلُ التَّصْفِيقِ. وَالْمُصْدَانَ: الْحِرْزُ. وَابْنَا شَمَامِ: جَبَلَانِ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَذَلِكَ مَا لَا يُرْضِي اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَلَا يُحِبُّهُ، وَلَا مَا افْتَرَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَلَا مَا أَمَرَهُمْ بِهِ فَذُوقُوا الْعَذَابَ بِمَا كُنْتُمْ تَكْفُرُونَ أَيْ لِمَا أَوْقَعَ بِهِمْ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ مِنْ الْقَتْلِ. [ الْمُدَّةُ بَيْنَ يَا أَيُّهَا الْمُزَّمِّلُ وَبَدْرٌ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي يَحْيَى بْنُ عَبَّادِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَبَّادٍ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَتْ: مَا كَانَ بَيْنَ نُزُولِ: يَا أَيُّهَا الْمُزَّمِّلُ وَقَوْلِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى فِيهَا: وَذَرْنِي وَالْمُكَذِّبِينَ أُولِي النَّعْمَةِ وَمَهِّلْهُمْ قَلِيلًا إِنَّ لَدَيْنَا أَنْكَالًا وَجَحِيمًا وَطَعَامًا ذَا غُصَّةٍ وَعَذَابًا أَلِيمًا إلَّا يَسِيرٌ، حَتَّى أَصَابَ اللَّهُ قُرَيْشًا بِالْوَقْعَةِ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ. [ تَفْسِيرُ ابْنِ هِشَامٍ لِبَعْضِ الْغَرِيبِ ] قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: الْأَنْكَالُ: الْقُيُودُ، وَاحِدُهَا: نِكْلٌ. قَالَ رُؤْبَةُ بْنُ الْعَجَّاجِ: يَكْفِيكَ نِكْلِي بَغْيَ كُلِّ نِكْلِ: وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي أُرْجُوزَةٍ لَهُ. [ مَا نَزَلَ فِيمَنْ عَاوَنُوا أَبَا سُفْيَانَ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ قَالَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا يُنْفِقُونَ أَمْوَالَهُمْ لِيَصُدُّوا عَنْ سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَسَيُنْفِقُونَهَا ثُمَّ تَكُونُ عَلَيْهِمْ حَسْرَةً ثُمَّ يُغْلَبُونَ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا إِلَى جَهَنَّمَ يُحْشَرُونَ يَعْنِي النَّفَرَ الَّذِينَ مَشَوْا إلَى أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، وَإِلَى مَنْ كَانَ لَهُ مَالٌ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ فِي تِلْكَ التِّجَارَةِ، فَسَأَلُوهُمْ أَنْ يُقَوُّوهُمْ بِهَا عَلَى حَرْبِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَفَعَلُوا. ثُمَّ قَالَ: قُلْ لِلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا إِنْ يَنْتَهُوا يُغْفَرْ لَهُمْ مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ وَإِنْ يَعُودُوا لِحَرْبِكَ فَقَدْ مَضَتْ سُنَّةُ الْأَوَّلِينَ أَيْ مَنْ قُتِلَ مِنْهُمْ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ. [ الْأَمْرُ بِقِتَالِ الْكُفَّارِ ] ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّى لَا تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌ وَيَكُونَ الدِّينُ كُلُّهُ لِلَّهِ أَيْ حَتَّى لَا يُفْتَنَ مُؤْمِنٌ عَنْ دِينِهِ، وَيَكُونَ التَّوْحِيدُ لِلَّهِ خَالِصًا لَيْسَ لَهُ فِيهِ شَرِيكٌ، وَيُخْلَعَ مَا دُونَهُ مِنْ الْأَنْدَادِ فَإِنِ انْتَهَوْا فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ وَإِنْ تَوَلَّوْا عَنْ أَمْرِكَ إلَى مَا هُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كُفْرِهِمْ فَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَوْلَاكُمْ الَّذِي أَعَزَّكُمْ وَنَصَرَكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ فِي كَثْرَةِ عَدَدِهِمْ وَقِلَّةِ عَدَدِكُمْ نِعْمَ الْمَوْلَى وَنِعْمَ النَّصِيرُ [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي تَقْسِيمِ الْفَيْءِ ] ثُمَّ أَعْلَمَهُمْ مَقَاسِمَ الْفَيْءِ وَحُكْمَهُ فِيهِ، حِينَ أَحَلَّهُ لَهُمْ، فَقَالَ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا غَنِمْتُمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ فَأَنَّ لِلَّهِ خُمُسَهُ وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَى وَالْيَتَامَى وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ آمَنْتُمْ بِاللَّهِ وَمَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا يَوْمَ الْفُرْقَانِ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ وَاللَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ أَيْ يَوْمَ فَرَّقْتُ فِيهِ بَيْنَ الْحَقِّ وَالْبَاطِلِ بِقُدْرَتِي يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ مِنْكُمْ وَمِنْهُمْ إِذْ أَنْتُمْ بِالْعُدْوَةِ الدُّنْيَا مِنْ الْوَادِي وَهُمْ بِالْعُدْوَةِ الْقُصْوَى مِنْ الْوَادِي إلَى مَكَّةَ وَالرَّكْبُ أَسْفَلَ مِنْكُمْ أَيْ عِيرُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ الَّتِي خَرَجْتُمْ لِتَأْخُذُوهَا وَخَرَجُوا لِيَمْنَعُوهَا عَنْ غَيْرِ مِيعَادٍ مِنْكُمْ وَلَا مِنْهُمْ وَلَوْ تَوَاعَدْتُمْ لَاخْتَلَفْتُمْ فِي الْمِيعَادِ أَيْ وَلَوْ كَانَ ذَلِكَ عَنْ مِيعَادٍ مِنْكُمْ وَمِنْهُمْ ثُمَّ بَلَغَكُمْ كَثْرَةُ عَدَدِهِمْ، وَقِلَّةُ عَدَدِكُمْ مَا لَقِيتُمُوهُمْ وَلَكِنْ لِيَقْضِيَ اللَّهُ أَمْرًا كَانَ مَفْعُولًا أَيْ لِيَقْضِيَ مَا أَرَادَ بِقُدْرَتِهِ مِنْ إعْزَازِ الْإِسْلَامِ وَأَهْلِهِ وَإِذْلَالِ الْكُفْرِ وَأَهْلِهِ عَنْ غَيْرِ بَلَاءٍ مِنْكُمْ فَفَعَلَ مَا أَرَادَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ بِلُطْفِهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ لِيَهْلِكَ مَنْ هَلَكَ عَنْ بَيِّنَةٍ وَيَحْيَا مَنْ حَيَّ عَنْ بَيِّنَةٍ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَسَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ أَيْ لِيَكْفُرَ مَنْ كَفَرَ بَعْدَ الْحُجَّةِ لِمَا رَأَى مِنْ الْآيَةِ وَالْعِبْرَةِ، وَيُؤْمِنُ مَنْ آمَنَ عَلَى مِثْلِ ذلكَ. [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي لُطْفِ اللَّهِ بِالرَّسُولِ ] ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ لُطْفَهُ بِهِ وَكَيْدَهُ لَهُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: إِذْ يُرِيكَهُمُ اللَّهُ فِي مَنَامِكَ قَلِيلًا وَلَوْ أَرَاكَهُمْ كَثِيرًا لَفَشِلْتُمْ وَلَتَنَازَعْتُمْ فِي الْأَمْرِ وَلَكِنَّ اللَّهَ سَلَّمَ إِنَّهُ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ فَكَانَ مَا أَرَاكَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ نِعْمَةً مِنْ نِعَمِهِ عَلَيْهِمْ، شَجَّعَهُمْ بِهَا عَلَى عَدُوِّهِمْ، وَكَفَّ بِهَا عَنْهُمْ مَا تُخُوِّفَ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ ضَعْفِهِمْ، لِعِلْمِهِ بِمَا فِيهِمْ. قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: تُخُوِّفَ: مُبَدَّلَةٌ مِنْ كَلِمَةٍ ذَكَرَهَا ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ وَلَمْ أَذْكُرْهَا وَإِذْ يُرِيكُمُوهُمْ إِذِ الْتَقَيْتُمْ فِي أَعْيُنِكُمْ قَلِيلًا وَيُقَلِّلُكُمْ فِي أَعْيُنِهِمْ لِيَقْضِيَ اللَّهُ أَمْرًا كَانَ مَفْعُولًا أَيْ لِيُؤَلِّفَ بَيْنَهُمْ عَلَى الْحَرْبِ لِلنِّقْمَةِ مِمَّنْ أَرَادَ الِانْتِقَامَ مِنْهُ، وَالْإِنْعَامَ عَلَى مَنْ أَرَادَ إتْمَامَ النِّعْمَةِ عَلَيْهِ، مِنْ أَهْلِ وِلَايَتِهِ. [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي وَعْظِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَتَعْلِيمِهِمْ خُطَطَ الْحَرْبِ ] ثُمَّ وَعَظَهُمْ وَفَهَّمَهُمْ وَأَعْلَمَهُمْ الَّذِي يَنْبَغِي لَهُمْ أَنْ يَسِيرُوا بِهِ فِي حَرْبِهِمْ، فَقَالَ تَعَالَى: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا لَقِيتُمْ فِئَةً تُقَاتِلُونَهُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فَاثْبُتُوا وَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ كَثِيرًا الَّذِي لَهُ بَذَلْتُمْ أَنْفُسَكُمْ، وَالْوَفَاءَ لَهُ بِمَا أَعْطَيْتُمُوهُ مِنْ بَيْعَتِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ. وَأَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَلَا تَنَازَعُوا فَتَفْشَلُوا أَيْ لَا تَخْتَلِفُوا فَيَتَفَرَّقَ أَمْرُكُمْ وَتَذْهَبَ رِيحُكُمْ أَيْ وَتَذْهَبَ حِدَّتُكُمْ وَاصْبِرُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الصَّابِرِينَ أَيْ إنِّي مَعَكُمْ إذَا فَعَلْتُمْ ذَلِكَ وَلَا تَكُونُوا كَالَّذِينَ خَرَجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ بَطَرًا وَرِئَاءَ النَّاسِ أَيْ لَا تَكُونُوا كَأَبِي جَهْلٍ وَأَصْحَابِهِ، الَّذِينَ قَالُوا: لَا نَرْجِعُ حَتَّى نَأْتِيَ بَدْرًا فَنَنْحَرَ بِهَا الْجُزُرَ وَتُسْقَى بِهَا الْخَمْرَ، وَتَعْزِفُ عَلَيْنَا فِيهَا الْقِيَانُ، وَتَسْمَعُ الْعَرَبُ: أَيْ لَا يَكُونُ أَمْرُكُمْ رِيَاءً، وَلَا سُمْعَةً، وَلَا الْتِمَاسَ مَا عِنْدَ النَّاسِ وَأَخْلِصُوا لِلَّهِ النِّيَّةَ وَالْحِسْبَةَ فِي نَصْرِ دِينِكُمْ، وَمُوَازَرَةِ نَبِيِّكُمْ، لَا تَعْمَلُوا إلَّا لِذَلِكَ وَلَا تَطْلُبُوا غَيْرَهُ. ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَإِذْ زَيَّنَ لَهُمُ الشَّيْطَانُ أَعْمَالَهُمْ وَقَالَ لَا غَالِبَ لَكُمُ الْيَوْمَ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَإِنِّي جَارٌ لَكُمْ قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: وَقَدْ مَضَى تَفْسِيرُ هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى أَهْلَ الْكُفْرِ، وَمَا يَلْقَوْنَ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِمْ، وَوَصَفَهُمْ بِصِفَتِهِمْ، وَأَخْبَرَ نَبِيَّهُ ﷺ عَنْهُمْ، حَتَّى انْتَهَى إلَى أَنْ قَالَ فَإِمَّا تَثْقَفَنَّهُمْ فِي الْحَرْبِ فَشَرِّدْ بِهِمْ مَنْ خَلْفَهُمْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ أَيْ فَنَكِّلْ بِهِمْ مِنْ وَرَائِهِمْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَعْقِلُونَ وَأَعِدُّوا لَهُمْ مَا اسْتَطَعْتُمْ مِنْ قُوَّةٍ وَمِنْ رِبَاطِ الْخَيْلِ تُرْهِبُونَ بِهِ عَدُوَّ اللَّهِ وَعَدُوَّكُمْ إلَى قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: وَمَا تُنْفِقُوا مِنْ شَيْءٍ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ يُوَفَّ إِلَيْكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ لَا تُظْلَمُونَ أَيْ لَا يَضِيعُ لَكُمْ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ أَجْرُهُ فِي الْآخِرَةِ، وَعَاجِلٌ خِلَفَهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَإِنْ جَنَحُوا لِلسَّلْمِ فَاجْنَحْ لَهَا أَيْ إنْ دَعَوْكَ إلَى السَّلْمِ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ فَصَالِحْهُمْ عَلَيْهِ وَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللَّهِ إنَّ اللَّهَ كَافِيكَ إِنَّهُ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ [ تَفْسِيرُ ابْنِ هِشَامٍ لِبَعْضِ الْغَرِيبِ ] قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: جَنَحُوا لِلسَّلْمِ مَالُوا إلَيْكَ لِلسَّلْمِ. الْجُنُوحُ: الْمَيْلُ. قَالَ لَبِيدُ بْنُ رَبِيعَةَ: : جُنُوحُ الْهَالِكِيَّ عَلَى يَدَيْهِ مُكِبًّا يَجْتَلِي نُقَبَ النِّصَالِ وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ ( يُرِيدُ: الصَّيْقَلَ الْمُكِبَّ عَلَى عَمَلِهِ. النَّقْبُ صَدَأُ السَّيْفِ. يَجْتَلِي: يَجْلُو السَّيْفَ ). وَالسَّلْمُ ( أَيْضًا ): الصُّلْحُ، وَفِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: فَلَا تَهِنُوا وَتَدْعُوا إِلَى السَّلْمِ وَأَنْتُمُ الْأَعْلَوْنَ وَيُقْرَأُ: إلَى السِّلْمِ، وَهُوَ ذَلِكَ الْمَعْنَى. قَالَ زُهَيْرُ بْنُ أَبِي سُلْمَى: : وَقَدْ قُلْتُمَا إنْ نُدْرِكْ السِّلْمَ وَاسِعًا بِمَالٍ وَمَعْرُوفٍ مِنْ الْقَوْلِ نَسْلَمْ وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ. قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: وَبَلَغَنِي عَنْ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ الْبَصْرِيِّ، أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ: وَإِنْ جَنَحُوا لِلسَّلْمِ لِلْإِسْلَامِ. وَفِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا ادْخُلُوا فِي السِّلْمِ كَافَّةً وَيُقْرَأُ فِي السَّلْمِ، وَهُوَ الْإِسْلَامُ. قَالَ أُمَيَّةُ بْنُ أَبِي الصَّلْتِ: : فَمَا أَنَابُوا لِسَلْمٍ حِينَ تُنْذِرُهُمْ رُسْلَ الْإِلَهِ وَمَا كَانُوا لَهُ عَضُدَا وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ. وَتَقُولُ الْعَرَبُ لِدَلْوٍ تُعْمَلُ مُسْتَطِيلَةً: السَّلْمُ. قَالَ طَرَفَةُ بْنُ الْعَبْدِ، أَحَدُ بَنِي قَيْسِ بْنِ ثَعْلَبَةَ، يَصِفُ نَاقَةً لَهُ: : لَهَا مِرْفَقَانِ أَفْتَلَانِ كَأَنَّمَا تَمُرُّ بِسَلْمَى دَالِحٍ مُتَشَدِّدٍ ( وَيُرْوَى: دَالِجٍ ). وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ. وَإِنْ يُرِيدُوا أَنْ يَخْدَعُوكَ فَإِنَّ حَسْبَكَ اللَّهُ هُوَ مِنْ وَرَاءِ ذَلِكَ. هُوَ الَّذِي أَيَّدَكَ بِنَصْرِهِ بَعْدَ الضَّعْفِ وَبِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَأَلَّفَ بَيْنَ قُلُوبِهِمْ عَلَى الْهُدَى الَّذِي بَعَثَكَ اللَّهُ بِهِ إلَيْهِمْ لَوْ أَنْفَقْتَ مَا فِي الْأَرْضِ جَمِيعًا مَا أَلَّفْتَ بَيْنَ قُلُوبِهِمْ وَلَكِنَّ اللَّهَ أَلَّفَ بَيْنَهُمْ بِدِينِهِ الَّذِي جَمَعَهُمْ عَلَيْهِ إِنَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ حَسْبُكَ اللَّهُ وَمَنِ اتَّبَعَكَ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ حَرِّضِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَى الْقِتَالِ إِنْ يَكُنْ مِنْكُمْ عِشْرُونَ صَابِرُونَ يَغْلِبُوا مِائَتَيْنِ وَإِنْ يَكُنْ مِنْكُمْ مِائَةٌ يَغْلِبُوا أَلْفًا مِنَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَا يَفْقَهُونَ أَيْ لَا يُقَاتِلُونَ عَلَى نِيَّةٍ وَلَا حَقٍّ وَلَا مَعْرِفَةٍ بِخَيْرٍ وَلَا شَرٍّ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: حَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَبِي نَجِيحٍ عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ أَبِي رَبَاحٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: لَمَّا نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ اشْتَدَّ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَأَعْظَمُوا أَنْ يُقَاتِلَ عِشْرُونَ مِئَتَيْنِ، وَمِئَةٌ أَلْفًا، فَخَفَّفَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ، فَنَسَخَتْهَا الْآيَةُ الْأُخْرَى، فَقَالَ: الْآنَ خَفَّفَ اللَّهُ عَنْكُمْ وَعَلِمَ أَنَّ فِيكُمْ ضَعْفًا فَإِنْ يَكُنْ مِنْكُمْ مِائَةٌ صَابِرَةٌ يَغْلِبُوا مِائَتَيْنِ وَإِنْ يَكُنْ مِنْكُمْ أَلْفٌ يَغْلِبُوا أَلْفَيْنِ بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ مَعَ الصَّابِرِينَ قَالَ: فَكَانُوا إذَا كَانُوا عَلَى الشَّطْرِ مِنْ عَدُوِّهِمْ لَمْ يَنْبَغِ لَهُمْ أَنْ يَفِرُّوا مِنْهُمْ، وَإِذَا كَانُوا دُونَ ذَلِكَ لَمْ يَجِبْ عَلَيْهِمْ قِتَالُهُمْ وَجَازَ لَهُمْ أَنْ يَتَحَوَّزُوا عَنْهُمْ [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي الْأُسَارَى وَالْمَغَانِمِ ] قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ عَاتَبَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى فِي الْأُسَارَى، وَأَخْذِ الْمَغَانِمِ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ أَحَدٌ قَبْلَهُ مِنْ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ يَأْكُلُ مَغْنَمًا، مِنْ عَدُوٍّ لَهُ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: حَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدٌ أَبُو جَعْفَرِ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ الْحُسَيْنِ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: نُصِرْتُ بِالرُّعْبِ، وَجُعِلَتْ لِي الْأَرْضُ مَسْجِدًا وَطَهُورًا، وَأُعْطِيتُ جَوَامِعَ الْكَلِمِ، وَأُحِلَّتْ لِي الْمَغَانِمُ وَلَمْ تُحْلَلْ لِنَبِيٍّ كَانَ قَبْلِي، وَأُعْطِيتُ الشَّفَاعَةَ، خَمْسٌ لَمْ يُؤْتَهُنَّ نَبِيٌّ قَبْلِي قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: فَقَالَ: مَا كَانَ لِنَبِيٍّ أَيْ قَبْلَكَ أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ أَسْرَى مِنْ عَدُوِّهِ حَتَّى يُثْخِنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ، أَيْ يُثْخِنَ عَدُوَّهُ، حَتَّى يَنْفِيَهُ مِنْ الْأَرْضِ تُرِيدُونَ عَرَضَ الدُّنْيَا أَيْ الْمَتَاعَ، الْفِدَاءَ بِأَخْذِ الرِّجَالِ وَاللَّهُ يُرِيدُ الْآخِرَةَ أَيْ قَتْلَهُمْ لِظُهُورِ الدِّينِ الَّذِي يُرِيدُ إظْهَارَهُ، وَاَلَّذِي تُدْرَكُ بِهِ الْآخِرَةُ لَوْلَا كِتَابٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ سَبَقَ لَمَسَّكُمْ فِيمَا أَخَذْتُمْ أَيْ مِنْ الْأُسَارَى وَالْمَغَانِمِ عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌ أَيْ لَوْلَا أَنَّهُ سَبَقَ مِنِّي أَنِّي لَا أُعَذِّبُ إلَّا بَعْدَ النَّهْيِ وَلَمْ يَكُ نَهَاهُمْ، لَعَذَّبْتُكُمْ فِيمَا صَنَعْتُمْ، ثُمَّ أَحَلَّهَا لَهُ وَلَهُمْ رَحْمَةً مِنْهُ، وَعَائِدَةٌ مِنْ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ، فَقَالَ فَكُلُوا مِمَّا غَنِمْتُمْ حَلَالًا طَيِّبًا وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ ثُمَّ قَالَ يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ قُلْ لِمَنْ فِي أَيْدِيكُمْ مِنَ الْأَسْرَى إِنْ يَعْلَمِ اللَّهِ فِي قُلُوبِكُمْ خَيْرًا يُؤْتِكُمْ خَيْرًا مِمَّا أُخِذَ مِنْكُمْ وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي التَّوَاصُلِ بَيْنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ ] وَحَضَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى التَّوَاصُلِ، وَجَعَلَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارَ أَهْلَ وِلَايَةٍ فِي الدِّينِ دُونَ مَنْ سِوَاهُمْ، وَجَعَلَ الْكُفَّارَ بَعْضَهُمْ أَوْلِيَاءُ بَعْضٍ، ثُمَّ قَالَ إِلَّا تَفْعَلُوهُ تَكُنْ فِتْنَةٌ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَفَسَادٌ كَبِيرٌ أَيْ إلَّا يُوَالِ الْمُؤْمِنُ الْمُؤْمِنَ مِنْ دُونِ الْكَافِرِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ ذَا رَحِمٍ بِهِ: تَكُنْ فِتْنَةٌ فِي الْأَرْضِ أَيْ شُبْهَةٌ فِي الْحَقِّ وَالْبَاطِلِ، وَظُهُورِ الْفَسَادِ فِي الْأَرْضِ بِتَوَلِّي الْمُؤْمِنِ الْكَافِرَ دُونَ الْمُؤْمِنِ. ثُمَّ رَدَّ الْمَوَارِيثَ إلَى الْأَرْحَامِ مِمَّنْ أَسْلَمَ بَعْدَ الْوَلَايَةِ مِنْ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ دُونَهُمْ إلَى الْأَرْحَامِ الَّتِي بَيْنَهُمْ، فَقَالَ: وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْ بَعْدُ وَهَاجَرُوا وَجَاهَدُوا مَعَكُمْ فَأُولَئِكَ مِنْكُمْ وَأُولُو الْأَرْحَامِ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلَى بِبَعْضٍ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ أَيْ بِالْمِيرَاثِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ. لَا تَعَارُضَ بَيْنَ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: وَإِذْ يُرِيكُمُوهُمْ إِذِ الْتَقَيْتُمْ فِي أَعْيُنِكُمْ قَلِيلا وَيُقَلِّلُكُمْ فِي أَعْيُنِهِمْ لِيَقْضِيَ اللَّهُ أَمْرًا كَانَ مَفْعُولا [الْأَنْفَالِ: 44] وَبَيْنَ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: قَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ آيَةٌ فِي فِئَتَيْنِ الْتَقَتَا فِئَةٌ تُقَاتِلُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَأُخْرَى كَافِرَةٌ يَرَوْنَهُمْ مِثْلَيْهِمْ رَأْيَ الْعَيْنِ وَاللَّهُ يُؤَيِّدُ بِنَصْرِهِ مَنْ يَشَاءُ [آلِ عِمْرَانَ: 13] فَإِنَّ الْمَعْنَى فِي ذَلِكَ أَصَحُّ الْأَقْوَالِ أَنَّ الْفِرْقَةَ الْكَافِرَةَ تَرَى الْفِرْقَةَ الْمُؤْمِنَةَ مِثْلَ عَدَدِ الْكَافِرَةِ عَلَى الصَّحِيحِ أَيْضًا، وَذَلِكَ عِنْدَ الْتِحَامِ الْحَرْبِ وَالْمُسَابَقَةِ، فَأَوْقَعَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى الْوَهْنَ وَالرُّعْبَ فِي قُلُوبِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا، فَاسْتَدْرَجَهُمْ أَوَّلًا بِأَنْ أَرَاهُمْ إِيَّاهُمْ عِنْدَ الْمُوَاجَهَةِ قَلِيلًا، ثُمَّ أَيَّدَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ بِنَصْرِهِ، فَجَعَلَهُمْ فِي أَعْيُنِ الْكَافِرِينَ عَلَى الضِّعْفِ مِنْهُمْ، حَتَّى وَهَنُوا وَضَعُفُوا، وَغُلِبُوا؛ وَلِهَذَا قَالَ: وَاللَّهُ يُؤَيِّدُ بِنَصْرِهِ مَنْ يَشَاءُ إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَعِبْرَةً لأُولِي الأَبْصَارِ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ وَإِسْحَاقُ بْنُ رَاهَوَيْهِ وَابْنُ مَنِيعٍ، وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ، عَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ ؓ قَالَ: لَقَدْ قُلِّلُوا فِي أَعْيُنِنَا يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ حَتَّى قُلْتُ لِرَجُلٍ إِلَى جَنْبِي: أَتَرَاهُمْ سَبْعِينَ ؟ قَالَ: أَرَاهُمْ مِائَةً، فَأَسَرْنَا رَجُلًا مِنْهُمْ. فَقُلْنَا: كَمْ أَنْتُمْ ؟ قَالَ: أَلْفٌ.
Translation
✧ The revelation of Sūrat al-Anfāl [What was revealed concerning the division of the spoils] Ibn Isḥāq said: When the affair of Badr was concluded, God, Almighty and Glorious, revealed concerning it from the Qurʾān the whole of al-Anfāl. Among what was revealed in it concerning their disagreement over the spoils when they differed about them was: “They ask thee concerning the spoils. Say: The spoils belong to God and the Messenger. So fear God and set right what is between you, and obey God and His Messenger, if you are believers.” ʿUbādah b. al-Ṣāmit—as I have been told—when asked about the spoils, would say: It was revealed concerning us, the people of Badr, when we differed over the spoils on the day of Badr. God took it out of our hands when our conduct concerning it became bad, and returned it to the Messenger of God ﷺ, who divided it among us equally—that is, on a fair basis. In that lay fear of God, obedience to Him, obedience to His Messenger ﷺ, and setting right what is between people. [What was revealed concerning the people’s going out with the Messenger to meet Quraysh] Then he mentioned the people and their march with the Messenger of God ﷺ when the people learned that Quraysh had marched toward them, whereas they had only set out seeking the caravan out of desire for booty. He said: “As thy Lord brought thee forth from thy house with the truth, though a party of the believers were averse, disputing with thee concerning the truth after it had become clear, as though they were being driven to death while they looked on”—that is, out of aversion to meeting the people and disapproval of the march of Quraysh when they were mentioned to them. “And when God promised you one of the two parties that it would be yours, and you wished that the one without thorns would be yours”—that is, the booty rather than war. “And God desired to establish the truth by His words and to cut off the last remnant of the disbelievers”—that is, by the battle in which He struck the champions of Quraysh and their leaders on the day of Badr. “When you sought help from your Lord”—that is, because of their supplication when they saw the great number of their enemy and the smallness of their own number. “So He answered you, through the supplication of the Messenger of God ﷺ and your supplication: ‘I will reinforce you with a thousand angels, rank upon rank.’ When He covered you with drowsiness as a security from Him”—that is, I sent down security upon you when you slept without fear. “And He sent down upon you water from the sky”—the rain that came upon them that night, which kept the polytheists from reaching the water first and left the way clear for the Muslims to it—“to purify you thereby and to remove from you the filth of Satan, and to strengthen your hearts and make firm thereby your feet”—that is, to remove from you Satan’s insinuation by which he frightened them about their enemy, and to harden the ground for them, until they reached the place where they had preceded their enemy. [What was revealed concerning the glad tidings to the Muslims of help and victory, and urging them on] Then He, Exalted, said: “When thy Lord inspired the angels: ‘I am with you, so make firm those who believe’”—that is, aid those who believe. “‘I will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve. So strike above the necks and strike every fingertip of them.’ That is because they opposed God and His Messenger. And whoever opposes God and His Messenger, then God is severe in punishment.” Then He said: “O you who believe, when you meet those who disbelieve marching in ranks, do not turn your backs to them. And whoever turns his back to them on that day, except as a stratagem of war or to join a company, has incurred wrath from God, and his abode is Hell, and evil is the destination”—that is, as an incitement to them against their enemy, lest they shrink from them when they meet them, for God had promised them concerning them what He had promised. [What was revealed concerning the Messenger’s hurling pebbles at the polytheists] Then He, Exalted, said concerning the Messenger of God’s ﷺ hurling pebbles at them from his hand when he threw at them: “You did not throw when you threw, but God threw”—that is, it was not by your throw, were it not for what God placed in it of your victory, and what He cast into the hearts of your enemy from it, when God routed them. “And that He might test the believers with a fair test”—that is, that He might make the believers know His favor upon them in granting them victory over their enemy despite their small number, so that they might thereby know His right and give thanks for His favor. [What was revealed concerning urging the Muslims to obey the Messenger] Then He, Exalted, said: “O you who believe, obey God and His Messenger and do not turn away from him while you hear”—that is, do not oppose his command while you hear his words and claim that you are with him. “And do not be like those who said, ‘We hear,’ while they do not hear”—that is, like the hypocrites who show obedience to him and secretly disobey him. “Indeed, the worst of beasts in the sight of God are the deaf and dumb who do not understand”—that is, the hypocrites whom I have forbidden you to be like: dumb to good, deaf to truth, they do not understand—they do not recognize what punishment and consequence is upon them in that. “Had God known any good in them, He would have made them hear”—that is, He would have given effect to the words they uttered with their tongues, but their hearts contradicted that. “And had He made them hear, they would have turned away, averse.” They would not have kept faith with you in anything for which they had gone out. “O you who believe, respond to God and to the Messenger when he calls you to that which gives you life”—that is, to the war by which God honored you after humiliation, strengthened you after weakness, and defended you from your enemy after their subjugation of you. “And remember when you were few and oppressed in the land, fearing that people would snatch you away. Then He sheltered you and aided you with His help and provided you with good things, that perhaps you might give thanks. O you who believe, do not betray God and the Messenger, and do not betray your trusts while you know.” That is, do not show him of the truth what pleases him from you, then oppose it in secret to something else, for that is the ruin of your trusts and a betrayal of yourselves. “O you who believe, if you fear God, He will grant you a criterion, and will expiate for you your evil deeds, and forgive you. God is of great bounty”—that is, a separation between truth and falsehood, by which God will make your truth prevail and extinguish thereby the falsehood of those who oppose you. [What was revealed concerning the mention of God’s favor upon the Messenger] Then He reminded the Messenger of God ﷺ of His favor upon him when the people plotted against him to kill him, or to restrain him, or to expel him: “And they plotted, and God plotted, and God is the best of plotters”—that is, I plotted against them with My firm cunning until I delivered you from them. [What was revealed concerning Quraysh’s delusion and their seeking judgment against themselves] Then He mentioned Quraysh’s delusion and their seeking judgment against themselves when they said: “O God, if this is the truth from You”—that is, what Muḥammad has brought—“then rain down upon us stones from the sky, as You rained them upon the people of Lot, or bring us a painful punishment”—that is, some of the punishment with which You punished the nations before us. They used to say: “God will not punish us while we seek His forgiveness,” and He does not punish a nation while its prophet is among it, until He removes him from it. That was from their words while the Messenger of God ﷺ was among them. So He, Exalted, said to His Prophet ﷺ, mentioning their ignorance, delusion, and their seeking judgment against themselves, while denouncing the evil of their deeds: “But God would not punish them while thou art among them, and God would not punish them while they seek forgiveness”—that is, because of their saying, “We seek forgiveness while Muḥammad is among us.” Then He said: “And why should God not punish them while they bar from the Sacred Mosque”—that is, those who believe in God and worship Him: meaning you and those who follow you. “And they were not its guardians. Its guardians are only the God-fearing”—those who hold sacred its sanctity and establish prayer at it: that is, you and those who believe with you. “But most of them do not know.” “And their prayer at the House, which they claim protects them, was nothing but whistling and clapping.” [Ibn Hishām’s explanation of some unusual words] Ibn Hishām said: al-mukāʾ is whistling. al-taṣdiyah is clapping. ʿAntarah b. ʿAmr (b. Shaddād) al-ʿAbsī said: “Many a peer have I left laid low, his quivering flesh whistling like the lip of a slit-eared camel.” He means: the sound of blood flowing from a stab wound, as if it were whistling. This verse is in a poem of his. Al-Ṭirimmāḥ b. Ḥakīm al-Ṭāʾī said: “To it, whenever it is startled, there is an echo and a pause, at Miṣdān, the higher of the two sons of Shamām, al-Bawāʾin.” This verse is in a poem of his. He means the mountain goat: when it is startled, it strikes the rock with its hoof, then pauses to hear the echo of its striking the rock, like clapping. Al-Miṣdān is a stronghold. The two sons of Shamām are two mountains. Ibn Isḥāq said: That is what does not please God, Almighty and Glorious, nor does He love it, nor what He made obligatory upon them, nor what He commanded them. “So taste the punishment for what you used to disbelieve”—that is, for the killing He inflicted upon them on the day of Badr. [The interval between “O thou enwrapped” and Badr] Ibn Isḥāq said: Yaḥyā b. ʿAbbād b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr related to me, from his father ʿAbbād, from ʿĀʾishah, who said: Between the revelation of “O thou enwrapped” and the words of God, Exalted, in it: “And leave Me with the deniers, possessors of ease, and give them respite a little. Indeed, with Us are fetters and a blazing fire, and food that chokes, and a painful punishment,” there was only a short interval, until God struck Quraysh with the battle on the day of Badr. [Ibn Hishām’s explanation of some unusual words] Ibn Hishām said: al-ankāl are shackles, singular nikl. Ruʾbah b. al-ʿAjjāj said: “My shackle suffices you for the oppression of every shackle.” This verse is in a long rajaz poem of his. [What was revealed concerning those who aided Abū Sufyān] Ibn Isḥāq said: Then God, Almighty and Glorious, said: “Indeed, those who disbelieve spend their wealth to bar from the way of God. They will spend it, then it will be a regret for them, then they will be overcome. And those who disbelieve will be gathered to Hell”—meaning the group who went to Abū Sufyān and to those of Quraysh who had wealth in that caravan, and asked them to support them with it against the war with the Messenger of God ﷺ, and they did so. Then He said: “Say to those who disbelieve: If they desist, what is past will be forgiven them. But if they return to war against thee, then the practice of the ancients has passed”—that is, those of them who were killed on the day of Badr. [The command to fight the disbelievers] Then He, Exalted, said: “And fight them until there is no persecution and religion is entirely God’s”—that is, until no believer is tempted away from his religion, and monotheism is purely God’s, with no partner in it, and everything besides Him of rivals is cast off. “Then if they desist, God sees what they do. And if they turn away from thy command to the unbelief they are upon, then know that God is your Protector”—the One who honored you and helped you against them on the day of Badr despite their great numbers and your small number. “An excellent Protector and an excellent Helper.” [What was revealed concerning the division of booty] Then He informed them of the divisions of booty and its ruling when He made it lawful for them, and said: “And know that whatever you take as spoils, a fifth belongs to God, and to the Messenger, and to the near of kin, and the orphans, and the needy, and the wayfarer—if you believe in God and what We sent down upon Our servant on the Day of the Criterion, the day the two hosts met. God is powerful over all things.” That is, on the day I separated truth from falsehood by My power, the day the two hosts met, of you and of them. “When you were on the nearer side of the valley and they on the farther side, toward Makkah, and the riders were below you”—that is, Abū Sufyān’s caravan which you went out to seize and they went out to protect, without any appointment from you or from them. “Had you made an appointment, you would have failed to keep the appointment”—that is, had it been by an appointment from you and from them, and then the news of their great numbers and your small numbers had reached you, you would not have met them. “But it was so that God might accomplish a matter already decreed”—that is, that He might accomplish what He willed by His power of honoring Islam and its people and humiliating unbelief and its people, without any effort from you. So He did what He willed in that by His kindness. Then He said: “That he who perished might perish by a clear proof, and he who lived might live by a clear proof. God is Hearing, Knowing”—that is, that he who disbelieved might disbelieve after the proof, because of the sign and lesson he saw, and he who believed might believe on the like of that. [What was revealed concerning God’s kindness to the Messenger] Then He mentioned His kindness to him and His cunning for him, and said: “When God showed them to thee in thy dream as few. Had He shown them to thee as many, you would have lost heart and disputed about the matter, but God kept you safe. He knows what is in the breasts.” What He showed thee of that was a favor among His favors to them, by which He emboldened them against their enemy and averted from them what was feared for them because of their weakness, since He knew what was in them. Ibn Hishām said: “tukhuwwifa” is a variant of a word that Ibn Isḥāq mentioned and which I have not mentioned. “And when He showed them to you, when you met, as few in your eyes, and made you appear few in their eyes, that God might accomplish a matter already decreed”—that is, to bring them together for war, for vengeance upon those from whom He wished to take vengeance, and favor upon those upon whom He wished to complete favor, from the people of His friendship. [What was revealed concerning the exhortation of the Muslims and teaching them the ways of war] Then He admonished them, made them understand, and informed them of what they should conduct themselves by in their war. He, Exalted, said: “O you who believe, when you meet a company fighting in the way of God, Almighty and Glorious, then be firm and remember God much”—the One for whom you gave your souls and to whom you are to be faithful in what you gave Him of your pledge—“that perhaps you may prosper.” “And obey God and His Messenger, and do not dispute, lest you lose heart”—that is, do not differ, lest your affair fall apart and your strength depart. “And be patient. God is with the patient”—that is, I am with you if you do that. “And do not be like those who went out of their homes boastfully and to be seen by people”—that is, do not be like Abū Jahl and his companions, who said: “We will not return until we come to Badr, where we will slaughter camels, have wine served, and have singing girls perform for us, so that the Arabs will hear of it.” That is, let your affair not be for show, nor for reputation, nor seeking what people have. Be sincere to God in intention and reckoning in supporting your religion and aiding your Prophet. Do not act except for that, and seek nothing else. Then He, Exalted, said: “And when Satan made their deeds fair to them and said: ‘No one among men can overcome you today, and I am your protector.’” Ibn Hishām said: The explanation of this verse has already been given. Ibn Isḥāq said: Then God, exalted is He, mentioned the people of disbelief, and what they encounter at their death, and described them with their attribute, and informed His Prophet ﷺ about them, until He came to the point of saying: “If you come upon them in war, then use them to scatter those behind them, that they may take heed” (Q 8:57), that is, make an example of them to those behind them, that they may understand. “And prepare against them whatever you are able of power and of tethered horses, to terrify thereby the enemy of God and your enemy,” up to His saying, exalted is He: “And whatever you spend of anything in the way of God will be repaid to you in full, and you will not be wronged” (Q 8:60), that is, its reward is not lost for you with God in the Hereafter, and its recompense is swift in this world. Then He said, exalted is He: “And if they incline to peace, then incline to it” (Q 8:61), that is, if they call you to peace upon Islam, then make peace with them upon it, “and rely upon God. Indeed, God is the Hearing, the Knowing” (Q 8:61). [Ibn Hishām’s explanation of some rare words] Ibn Hishām said: “Janḥū li-l-salmi” means they incline to you for peace. Al-junūḥ means inclining. Labīd b. Rabīʿah said: : The inclining of the hālikī over his hands, bending down, polishing the pits of the blades. This verse is in a poem of his. (He means the sword-polisher bending over his work. Al-naqb is the rust of the sword. Yajtalī means he polishes the sword.) And al-salm (also) means ṣulḥ, reconciliation. And in the Book of God, mighty and glorious is He: “So do not weaken and call to peace while you are superior” (Q 47:35), and it is read “al-silm,” which is that same meaning. Zuhayr b. Abī Sulmā said: : You two have said that if we attain peace, ample, with wealth and goodly words, we will be safe. This verse is in a poem of his. Ibn Hishām said: It reached me from al-Ḥasan b. Abī al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī that he used to say: “And if they incline to al-salm,” that is, to Islam. And in the Book of God, exalted is He: “O you who believe, enter into al-silm completely” (Q 2:208), and it is read “al-salm,” which is Islam. Umayyah b. Abī al-Ṣalt said: : They did not turn to a salm when you warned them with the messengers of God, nor were they a support for Him. This verse is in a poem of his. The Arabs call a bucket made elongated “al-salm.” Ṭarafah b. al-ʿAbd, one of the Banū Qays b. Thaʿlabah, said describing a she-camel of his: : She has two elbows, twisted, as if passing by the salmā of a straining drawer. (It is also narrated: dālij.) This verse is in a poem of his. “And if they intend to deceive you, then sufficient for you is God. He is the One who supported you with His help after weakness, and with the believers, and joined their hearts together upon the guidance with which God sent you to them. If you had spent all that is on earth, you would not have joined their hearts together, but God joined them together through His religion by which He gathered them. Indeed, He is Mighty, Wise” (Q 8:62–63). Then He said, exalted is He: “O Prophet, sufficient for you is God and those who follow you of the believers. O Prophet, urge the believers to fight. If there are among you twenty steadfast, they will overcome two hundred. And if there are among you a hundred, they will overcome a thousand of those who disbelieve, because they are a people who do not understand” (Q 8:64–65), that is, they do not fight upon an intention, nor upon truth, nor with knowledge of good or evil. Ibn Isḥāq said: ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Najīḥ narrated to me from ʿAṭāʾ b. Abī Rabāḥ, from ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās, who said: When this verse came down, it was hard upon the Muslims, and they deemed it grave that twenty should fight two hundred, and a hundred, a thousand. Then God lightened it for them, and the other verse abrogated it. He said: “Now God has lightened it for you and knows that there is weakness in you. If there are among you a hundred steadfast, they will overcome two hundred. And if there are among you a thousand, they will overcome two thousand, by the permission of God. And God is with the steadfast” (Q 8:66). He said: Thus when they were at half the number of their enemy, it was not fitting for them to flee from them, and if they were fewer than that, fighting them was not obligatory, and it was permissible for them to withdraw from them. [What came down concerning the captives and the spoils] Ibn Isḥāq said: Then God, exalted is He, reproached him concerning the captives and the taking of spoils, for no prophet before him had consumed spoils from an enemy of his. Ibn Isḥāq said: Muḥammad Abū Jaʿfar b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn narrated to me, saying: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: “I was aided by terror, and the earth was made for me a mosque and a means of purification, and I was given the comprehensive words, and spoils were made lawful for me and were not lawful for any prophet before me, and I was given intercession—five things no prophet before me was given.” Ibn Isḥāq said: Then He said: “It is not for a prophet,” that is, before you, “to have captives from his enemy until he has made great slaughter in the land,” that is, until he has thoroughly defeated his enemy and expelled him from the land. “You desire the goods of this world,” that is, the chattels, the ransom by taking men, “while God desires the Hereafter,” that is, their killing for the victory of the religion which He desires to make manifest, and by which the Hereafter is attained. “Were it not for a decree from God that had preceded, a great punishment would have touched you for what you took,” that is, from the captives and the spoils. That is, had it not been that it had preceded from Me that I do not punish except after prohibition, and He had not prohibited them, I would have punished you for what you did. Then He made them lawful for him and for them as a mercy from Him and a benefaction from the Compassionate, the Merciful. He said: “So eat of what you have taken as booty, lawful and good, and fear God. Indeed, God is Forgiving, Merciful” (Q 8:69). Then He said: “O Prophet, say to those captives in your hands: If God knows any good in your hearts, He will give you better than what was taken from you and forgive you. And God is Forgiving, Merciful” (Q 8:70). [What came down concerning mutual solidarity among the Muslims] And He urged the Muslims to mutual solidarity, and made the Emigrants and the Helpers the people of guardianship in the religion to the exclusion of others, and made the disbelievers some of them guardians of others. Then He said: “If you do not do it, there will be fitnah in the land and great corruption” (Q 8:73), that is, unless the believer takes the believer as guardian instead of the disbeliever, even if he is a relative of his, there will be fitnah in the land, that is, confusion between truth and falsehood, and the appearance of corruption in the land through the believer’s taking the disbeliever as guardian instead of the believer. Then He returned the inheritances to the near kindred among those who accepted Islam after the bond of brotherhood among the Emigrants and the Helpers, to the exclusion of others, to the kindred ties that were between them. He said: “And those who believed afterwards and emigrated and strove with you—they are of you. And those of near kin are more entitled to one another in the Book of God” (Q 8:75), that is, to inheritance. “Indeed, God is Knowing of all things” (Q 8:75). There is no contradiction between His saying, exalted is He: “And when He showed them to you, when you met, as few in your eyes, and made you appear few in their eyes, that God might accomplish a matter already decreed” (Q 8:44), and His saying, exalted is He: “There was a sign for you in two parties that met: one party fighting in the way of God, and another disbelieving, they saw them twice their number with the sight of the eye” (Q 3:13). The meaning in that, according to the soundest of sayings, is that the disbelieving party saw the believing party as double the number of the disbelieving party, also according to the correct view, and that was at the engagement of battle and the encounter. God, exalted is He, cast weakness and terror into the hearts of those who disbelieved, and He led them on gradually at first by showing them to them as few at the confrontation. Then He supported the believers with His help, and made them in the eyes of the disbelievers double their own number, until they became weak and feeble and were defeated. For this reason He said: “And God supports with His help whom He wills. Indeed in that is a lesson for those of insight” (Q 3:13). Ibn Saʿd, Isḥāq b. Rāhawayh, Ibn Munīʿ, and al-Bayhaqī narrated from Ibn Masʿūd ؓ, who said: They were made to appear few in our eyes on the day of Badr, so much so that I said to a man beside me: “Do you think they are seventy?” He said: “I think they are a hundred.” Then we captured a man from among them, and we said: “How many are you?” He said: “A thousand.”
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.