al-Mustadrak (al-Hakim) 3085
✧ Explanation of Surah al-Baqarah
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أَخْبَرَنِي عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ الْقَاضِي بِمَرْوَ ثنا الْحَارِثُ بْنُ أَبِي أُسَامَةَ ثنا أَبُو النَّضْرِ هَاشِمُ بْنُ الْقَاسِمِ ثنا الْمَسْعُودِيُّ حَدَّثَنِي عَمْرُو بْنُ مُرَّةَ عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ أَبِي لَيْلَى عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ قَالَ
أَمَّا أَحْوَالُ الصِّيَامِ فَإِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَدِمَ الْمَدِينَةَ فَجَعَلَ يَصُومُ مِنْ كُلِّ شَهْرٍ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ وَصِيَامُ يَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ ثُمَّ إِنَّ اللَّهَ فَرَضَ عَلَيْهِ الصِّيَامَ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ {يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ} [البقرة 183] إِلَى هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ {وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ} [البقرة 184] فَكَانَ مَنْ شَاءَ صَامَ وَمَنْ شَاءَ أَطْعَمَ مِسْكِينًا فَأَجْزَأَ ذَلِكَ عَنْهُ ثُمَّ إِنَّ اللَّهَ أَنْزَلَ الْآيَةَ الْأُخْرَى {شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ فِيهِ الْقُرْآنُ} [البقرة 185] إِلَى قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى {فَمَنْ شَهِدَ مِنْكُمُ الشَّهْرَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ} [البقرة 185] فَأَثْبَتَ اللَّهُ صِيَامَهُ عَلَى الْمُقِيمِ الصَّحِيحِ وَرَخَّصَ فِيهِ لِلْمَرِيضِ وَلِلْمُسَافِرِ وَثَبَتَ الْإِطْعَامُ لِلْكَبِيرِ الَّذِي لَا يَسْتَطِيعُ الصِّيَامَ فَهَذَانِ حَوْلَانِ وَكَانُوا يَأْكُلُونَ وَيَشْرَبُونَ وَيَأْتُونَ النِّسَاءَ مَا لَمْ يَنَامُوا فَإِذَا نَامُوا امْتَنَعُوا ثُمَّ إِنَّ رَجُلًا مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ يُقَالُ لَهُ صِرْمَةُ كَانَ يَعْمَلُ صَائِمًا حَتَّى أَمْسَى فَجَاءَ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ فَصَلَّى الْعِشَاءَ ثُمَّ نَامَ فَلَمْ يَأْكُلْ وَلَمْ يَشْرَبْ حَتَّى أَصْبَحَ فَأَصْبَحَ صَائِمًا فَأَلْقَيْتُ نَفْسِي فَنِمْتُ وَأَصْبَحَتْ صَائِمًا وَكَانَ عُمَرُ قَدْ أَصَابَ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ مِنْ جَارِيَةٍ أَوْ حُرَّةٍ بَعْدَمَا نَامَ فَأَتَى النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَذَكَرَ ذَلِكَ لَهُ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ {أُحِلَّ لَكُمْ لَيْلَةَ الصِّيَامِ الرَّفَثُ إِلَى نِسَائِكُمْ} [البقرة 187] إِلَى قَوْلِهِ {ثُمَّ أَتِمُّوا الصِّيَامَ إِلَى اللَّيْلِ} [البقرة 187]
Translation
Chain of narrators
- ʿAbdullāh b. al-Ḥusayn al-Qāḍī Bimarw
- al-Ḥārith b. Abū Usāmah
- Abū al-Naḍr Hāshim b. al-Qāsim
- al-Masʿūdī
- ʿAmr b. Murrah
- ʿAbd al-Raḥman b. Abū Laylá
- Muʿādh b. Jabal
✧ As for the rulings of fasting: the Messenger of Allah ﷺ came to Madinah and began fasting three days of every month and the day of ʿĀshūrāʾ. Then Allah made fasting obligatory upon him, and Allah revealed, “O you who believe, fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you” [al-Baqarah 183] up to this verse, “And upon those who can afford it, a ransom of feeding a poor person” [al-Baqarah 184]. So whoever wished fasted, and whoever wished fed a poor person, and that sufficed for him. Then Allah revealed the other verse, “The month of Ramadan in which the Qur’an was sent down” [al-Baqarah 185] up to His saying, “So whoever of you witnesses the month, let him fast it” [al-Baqarah 185]. Thus Allah made fasting binding upon the resident healthy person, and granted a concession in it for the sick and the traveler, and the feeding remained established for the elderly person who is unable to fast. These are two states. They used to eat, drink, and go to women as long as they had not slept; but when they slept, they abstained. Then a man of the Anṣār called Ṣirmah was working while fasting until evening came. He went to his family, prayed the ʿIshāʾ, then slept and did not eat or drink until morning, so he woke up fasting. He exerted himself and slept, and woke up fasting. ʿUmar had had relations with women, with a slave-girl or a free woman, after he had slept, so he came to the Prophet ﷺ and mentioned that to him. Then Allah revealed, “It has been made lawful for you, on the night of the fast, to go to your wives” [al-Baqarah 187] up to His saying, “Then complete the fast until nightfall” [al-Baqarah 187].
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