Shu'ab al-Iman (al-Bayhaqi) 22
✧ Evidence that faith and Islam, when used without qualification, denote one religion
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ الْمُقْرِئُ، حدثنا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، حدثنا يُوسُفُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ، حدثنا سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، حدثنا حَمَّادُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ، عَنْ أَيُّوبَ، وَأَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَبْدَانَ، حدثنا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ الصَّفَّارُ، حدثنا عُبَيْدُ بْنُ شَرِيكٍ، حدثنا أَبُو صَالِحٍ، حدثنا الْفَزَارِيُّ، حدثنا سُفْيَانُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ أَيُّوبَ، عَنْ أَبِي قِلَابَةَ، عَنْ رَجُلٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْإِسْلَامِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ
قَالَ: جَاءَ رَجُلٌ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ فَسَأَلَهُ عَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ - وَفِي رِوَايَةِ حَمَّادٍ قَالَ: عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ - قَالَ لَهُ: " أَسْلِمْ تَسْلَمْ ". قَالَ: وَمَا الْإِسْلَامُ؟ قَالَ: " يُسْلِمُ قَلْبُكَ لِلَّهِ، وَيَسْلُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مِنْ لِسَانِكَ وَيَدِكَ ". قَالَ: فَأَيُّ الْإِسْلَامِ أَفْضَلُ؟ قَالَ: " الْإِيمَانُ ". قَالَ: فَمَا الْإِيمَانُ؟ قَالَ: " تُؤْمِنُ بِاللهِ وَمَلَائِكَتِهِ، وَكُتُبِهِ وَرُسُلِهِ، وَبِالْبَعْثِ بَعْدَ الْمَوْتِ ". قَالَ: فَأَيُّ الْإِيمَانِ أَفْضَلُ؟ قَالَ: " الْهِجْرَةُ ". قَالَ: وَمَا الْهِجْرَةُ؟ قَالَ: " أَنْ تَهْجُرَ السُّوءَ ". قَالَ: فَأَيُّ الْهِجْرَةِ أَفْضَلُ؟ قَالَ: " الْجِهَادُ ". قَالَ: وَمَا الْجِهَادُ؟ قَالَ: " أَنْ تُجَاهِدَ " أَوْ قَالَ: " تُقَاتِلَ الْكُفَّارَ إِذَا لَقِيتَهُمْ ". وَفِي رِوَايَةِ سُفْيَانَ قَالَ: " تُقَاتِلَ الْعَدُوَّ إِذَا لَقِيتَهُمْ، وَلَا تَغُلَّ وَلَا تَجْبُنْ ".، وَفِي رِوَايَةِ حَمَّادٍ: " ثُمَّ لَا تَغُلَّ وَلَا تَجْبُنْ " وَزَادَ، ثُمَّ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ: " ثُمَّ عَمَلَانِ هُمَا مِنْ أَفْضَلِ الْأَعْمَالِ إِلَّا مَنْ عَمِلَ عَمَلًا بِمِثْلِهِمَا - وَقَالَ بِإِصْبَعَيْهِ هَكَذَا السَّبَّابَةِ وَالْوُسْطَى - حَجَّةٌ مَبْرُورَةٌ أَوْ عُمْرَةٌ مَبْرُورَةٌ " قَالَ الْحَلِيمِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللهُ تَعَالَى: فَأَبَانَ هَذَا الْحَدِيثُ أَنَّ الْإِسْلَامَ الَّذِي أَخْبَرَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ أَنَّهُ هُوَ الدِّينُ عِنْدَهُ بِقَوْلِهِ: {إِنَّ الدِّينَ عِنْدَ اللهِ الْإِسْلَامُ} [آل عمران: 19]، وَقَوْلِهِ {وَمَنْ يَبْتَغِ غَيْرَ الْإِسْلَامِ دِينًا فَلَنْ يُقْبَلَ مِنْهُ} [آل عمران: 85]، وَقَوْلِهِ {الْيَوْمَ أَكْمَلْتُ لَكُمْ دِينَكُمْ، وَأَتْمَمْتُ عَلَيْكُمْ نِعْمَتِي، وَرَضِيتُ لَكُمُ الْإِسْلَامَ دِينًا} [المائدة: 3] يَنْتَظِمُ الِاعْتِقَادَ وَالْأَعْمَالَ الظَّاهِرَةَ لِأَنَّ قَوْلَهُ: " الْإِسْلَامُ أَنْ يُسْلِمَ قَلْبُكَ لِلَّهِ " إِشَارَةٌ إِلَى تَصْحِيحِ الِاعْتِقَادِ، وَقَوْلَهُ: " أَنْ يَسْلَمَ المؤمنون مِنْ لِسَانِكَ وَيَدِكَ " إِشَارَةٌ إِلَى تَصْحِيحِ الْمُعَامَلَاتِ الظَّاهِرَةِ، ثُمَّ صَرَّحَ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخْبَرَ أَنَّ الْإِيمَانَ أَفْضَلُ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَفَسِّرْهُ بِأَنَّهُ الْإِيمَانُ بِاللهِ وَمَلَائِكَتِهِ وَكُتُبِهِ وَرُسُلِهِ وَالْبَعْثِ، أَرَادَ أَنَّ الْإِيمَانَ بِالْغَيْبِ أَفْضَلُ مِنَ الْإِيمَانِ بِمَا يُشَاهَدُ وَيُرَى، وَهَذَا مُوَافِقٌ لِقَوْلِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {الَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْغَيْبِ} [البقرة: 3] مَدْحًا لَهُمْ وَثَنَاءً عَلَيْهِمْ، ثُمَّ أَبَانَ أَنَّ الِاعْتِقَادَ وَعَامَّةَ الْأَعْمَالِ إِيمَانُ، فَقَالَ: " أَفْضَلُ الْإِيمَانِ الْهِجْرَةُ "، ثُمَّ فَرْعُ الْهِجْرَةِ فَدَلَّ ذَلِكَ عَلَى أَنَّ الطَّاعَاتِ كُلَّهَا إِيمَانٌ كَمَا هِيَ إِسْلَامٌ، وَأَنَّ الْإِسْلَامَ هُوَ الْإِذْعَانُ لِلَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ سَوَاءٌ وَقَعَ بِأَمْرٍ بَاطِنٍ، أَوْ بِأَمْرٍ ظَاهِرٍ بَعْدَ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْأَمْرَانِ مِمَّا رَضِيَ اللهُ تَعَالَى لِعِبَادِهِ أَنْ يَتَقَرَّبُوا بِهِ إِلَيْهِ "
Translation
Chain of narrators
machine translationAbū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Muqriʾ informed us, Al-Ḥasan b. Muḥammad b. Isḥāq narrated to us, Yūsuf b. Yaʿqūb narrated to us, Sulaymān b. Ḥarb narrated to us, Ḥammād b. Zayd narrated to us, from Ayyūb; and Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbdān informed us, Aḥmad b. ʿUbayd al-Ṣaffār narrated to us, ʿUbayd b. Sharīk narrated to us, Abū Ṣāliḥ narrated to us, al-Fazārī narrated to us, Sufyān b. Saʿīd narrated to us, from Ayyūb, from Abū Qilābah, from a man of the people of Syria, of the people of Islam, from his father.
Machine translation, not reviewed
He said: A man came to the Messenger of God ﷺ and asked him about Islam - and in the narration of Ḥammād he said: from his father, that the Prophet ﷺ - said to him: "Submit (aslim) and you will be safe." He said: And what is Islam? He said: "That your heart submits to God, and that the Muslims are safe from your tongue and your hand." He said: Which Islam is best? He said: "Faith (īmān)." He said: And what is faith? He said: "That you believe in God, His angels, His books and His messengers, and in the resurrection after death." He said: Which faith is best? He said: "Emigration (hijrah)." He said: And what is emigration? He said: "That you forsake evil." He said: Which emigration is best? He said: "Jihad." He said: And what is jihad? He said: "That you strive" or he said: "fight the disbelievers when you meet them." And in the narration of Sufyān he said: "That you fight the enemy when you meet them, and you do not steal from the spoils nor show cowardice." And in the narration of Ḥammād: "Then do not steal from the spoils nor show cowardice," and he added: Then the Messenger of God ﷺ said: "Then there are two deeds that are among the best of deeds, except for one who does a deed like them - and he said with his two fingers, like this, the index and the middle finger - an accepted pilgrimage (ḥajj) or an accepted lesser pilgrimage (ʿumrah)." Al-Ḥalīmī, may God Most High have mercy on him, said: This hadith makes clear that Islam, which God Almighty informed us is the religion with Him in His words: {إِنَّ الدِّينَ عِنْدَ اللهِ الْإِسْلَامُ} [Āl ʿImrān: 19], and His words {وَمَنْ يَبْتَغِ غَيْرَ الْإِسْلَامِ دِينًا فَلَنْ يُقْبَلَ مِنْهُ} [Āl ʿImrān: 85], and His words {الْيَوْمَ أَكْمَلْتُ لَكُمْ دِينَكُمْ، وَأَتْمَمْتُ عَلَيْكُمْ نِعْمَتِي، وَرَضِيتُ لَكُمُ الْإِسْلَامَ دِينًا} [al-Māʾidah: 3], comprises both belief and outward deeds. For his saying: "Islam is that your heart submits to God" is an indication of correcting belief, and his saying: "that the believers are safe from your tongue and your hand" is an indication of correcting outward dealings. Then he stated it explicitly, informing that faith is the best of Islam, and explained it as belief in God, His angels, His books, His messengers and the resurrection. He meant that belief in the unseen is better than belief in what is witnessed and seen, and this agrees with the saying of God Almighty: {الَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْغَيْبِ} [al-Baqarah: 3], in praise and commendation of them. Then he made clear that belief and most deeds are faith, saying: "The best of faith is emigration," then the branch of emigration. This indicates that all acts of obedience are faith just as they are Islam, and that Islam is submission to God Almighty, whether it occurs through an inward matter or an outward matter, provided both are among what God Most High is pleased for His servants to draw near to Him with.
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