Tarikh (al-Tabari) 850
نُزُولُ الْأَمْرِ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي الْقِتَالِ بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ. قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا زِيَادُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْبُكَائِيُّ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إسْحَاقَ الْمُطَّلِبِيِّ: وَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَبْلَ بَيْعَةِ الْعَقَبَةِ لَمْ يُؤْذَنْ لَهُ فِي الْحَرْبِ وَلَمْ تُحَلَّلْ لَهُ الدِّمَاءُ، إنَّمَا يُؤْمَرُ بِالدُّعَاءِ إلَى اللَّهِ وَالصَّبْرِ عَلَى الْأَذَى، وَالصُّفْحِ عَنْ الْجَاهِلِ وَكَانَتْ قُرَيْشٌ قَدْ اضْطَهَدَتْ مَنْ اتَّبَعَهُ مِنْ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ حَتَّى فَتَنُوهُمْ عَنْ دِينِهِمْ وَنَفَوْهُمْ مِنْ بِلَادِهِمْ، فَهُمْ مِنْ بَيْنِ مَفْتُونٍ فِي دِينِهِ، وَمِنْ بَيْنِ مُعَذَّبٍ فِي أَيْدِيهِمْ، وَبَيْنِ هَارِبٍ فِي الْبِلَادِ فِرَارًا مِنْهُمْ، مِنْهُمْ مَنْ بِأَرْضِ الْحَبَشَةِ، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ بِالْمَدِينَةِ، وَفِي كُلٍّ وَجْهٌ؛ فَلَمَّا عَتَتْ قُرَيْشٌ عَلَى اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، وَرَدُّوا عَلَيْهِ مَا أَرَادَهُمْ بِهِ مِنْ الْكَرَامَةِ، وَكَذَّبُوا نَبِيَّهُ ﷺ، وَعَذَّبُوا وَنَفَوْا مَنْ عَبَدَهُ وَوَحَّدَهُ وَصَدَّقَ نَبِيَّهُ، وَاعْتَصَمَ بِدِينِهِ، أَذِنَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لِرَسُولِهِ ﷺ فِي الْقِتَالِ وَالِانْتِصَارِ مِمَّنْ ظَلَمَهُمْ وَبَغَى عَلَيْهِمْ، فَكَانَتْ أَوَّلُ آيَةٍ أُنْزِلَتْ فِي إذْنِهِ لَهُ فِي الْحَرْبِ، وَإِحْلَالِهِ لَهُ الدِّمَاءَ وَالْقِتَالَ، لِمَنْ بَغَى عَلَيْهِمْ، فِيمَا بَلَغَنِي عَنْ عُرْوَةَ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ وَغَيْرِهِ مِنْ الْعُلَمَاءِ، قَوْلُ اللَّهِ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ إِلَّا أَنْ يَقُولُوا رَبُّنَا اللَّهُ وَلَوْلَا دَفْعُ اللَّهِ النَّاسَ بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ لَهُدِّمَتْ صَوَامِعُ وَبِيَعٌ وَصَلَوَاتٌ وَمَسَاجِدُ يُذْكَرُ فِيهَا اسْمُ اللَّهِ كَثِيرًا وَلَيَنْصُرَنَّ اللَّهُ مَنْ يَنْصُرُهُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَقَوِيٌّ عَزِيزٌ الَّذِينَ إِنْ مَكَّنَّاهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ أَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَمَرُوا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَنَهَوْا عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَلِلَّهِ عَاقِبَةُ الْأُمُورِ -: أَيْ أَنِّي إنَّمَا أَحْلَلْتُ لَهُمْ الْقِتَالَ لِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُمْ ذَنْبٌ فِيمَا بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ النَّاسِ، إلَّا أَنَّ يَعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ، وَأَنَّهُمْ إذَا ظَهَرُوا أَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ، وَآتَوْا الزَّكَاةَ، وَأَمَرُوا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ، وَنَهَوْا عَنْ الْمُنْكَرِ. يَعْنِي النَّبِيَّ ﷺ وَأَصْحَابَهُ ؓ أَجْمَعِينَ، ثُمَّ أَنَزَلَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى عَلَيْهِ: وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّى لَا تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌ أَيْ حَتَّى لَا يُفْتَنَ مُؤْمِنٌ عَنْ دِينِهِ وَيَكُونَ الدِّينُ لِلَّهِ أَيْ حَتَّى يُعْبَدَ اللَّهُ، لَا يَعْبُدُ مَعَهُ غَيْرُهُ.
Translation
✧ The Descent of the Command to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ Regarding Fighting In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. He said: Abu Muhammad ʿAbd al-Malik b. Hishām narrated to us; he said: Ziyād b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Bukkāʾī narrated to us, from Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-Muṭṭalibī: Before the pledge of al-ʿAqabah, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had not been permitted to wage war, nor had bloodshed been made lawful for him. He was only commanded to call to Allah and to endure harm with patience and to pardon the ignorant. Quraysh had persecuted those who followed him among the Emigrants, until they tried to turn them away from their religion and expelled them from their lands. Thus they were among those tried in their religion, those tormented at their hands, and those fleeing through the lands to escape them—some in the land of Abyssinia, some in Madinah, and in every direction. When Quraysh became insolent toward Allah, Mighty and Majestic, and rejected the honor He had intended for them, and denied His Prophet ﷺ, and tormented and expelled those who worshipped Him alone, affirmed His oneness, believed His Prophet, and held fast to His religion, Allah, Mighty and Majestic, permitted His Messenger ﷺ to fight and to take retribution from those who had wronged them and transgressed against them. The first verse revealed regarding His permission for him to wage war, and His making lawful for him bloodshed and fighting against those who transgressed against them, according to what has reached me from ʿUrwah b. al-Zubayr and other scholars, is the saying of Allah, Blessed and Exalted: "Permission [to fight] has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged. And indeed, Allah is competent to give them victory. [They are] those who have been evicted from their homes without right—only because they say, 'Our Lord is Allah.' And were it not that Allah checks the people, some by means of others, there would have been demolished monasteries, churches, synagogues, and mosques in which the name of Allah is much mentioned. And Allah will surely support those who support Him. Indeed, Allah is Powerful and Exalted in Might. [And they are] those who, if We establish them in the land, establish prayer and give zakāh and enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong. And to Allah belongs the outcome of [all] matters." That is: I have only made fighting lawful for them because they were wronged, and they had no sin between them and other people except that they worshipped Allah, and because when they prevail they will establish prayer, give zakāh, enjoin what is right, and forbid what is wrong—meaning the Prophet ﷺ and his Companions ؓ all together. Then Allah, Blessed and Exalted, revealed to him: "And fight them until there is no fitnah," that is, until no believer is tried and turned away from his religion, "and [until] the religion is for Allah," that is, until Allah alone is worshipped, and none other is worshipped besides Him.
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