Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2355
Then the Year Eighty-Six Began
سيرة الوليد بن عبد الملك خِلَافَةُ الْوَلِيدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ [86 - 96 هـ] أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ، قَالَ الْعِيشِيُّ: (كَانَ أَبَوَاهُ يُتْرِفَانِهِ، فَشَبَّ بِلَا أَدَبٍ). قَالَ رَوْحُ بْنُ زِنْبَاعٍ: (دَخَلْتُ يَوْمًا عَلَى عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ - وَهُوَ مَهْمُومٌ - فَقَالَ: فَكَّرْتُ فِيمَنْ أُوَلِّيهِ أَمْرَ الْعَرَبِ، فَلَمْ أَجِدْهُ، فَقُلْتُ: أَيْنَ أَنْتَ عَنِ الْوَلِيدِ؟ قَالَ: إِنَّهُ لَا يُحْسِنُ النَّحْوَ، فَسَمِعَ ذَلِكَ الْوَلِيدُ، فَقَامَ مِنْ سَاعَتِهِ وَجَمَعَ أَصْحَابَ النَّحْوِ، وَجَلَسَ مَعَهُمْ فِي بَيْتٍ سِتَّةَ أَشْهُرٍ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ وَهُوَ أَجْهَلُ مِمَّا كَانَ، فَقَالَ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ: أَمَا إِنَّهُ قَدْ أَعْذَرَ). وَقَالَ أَبُو الزِّنَادِ: (كَانَ الْوَلِيدُ لَحَّانًا، قَالَ عَلَى مِنْبَرِ الْمَسْجِدِ النَّبَوِيِّ: يَا أَهْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ). وَقَالَ أَبُو عِكْرِمَةَ الضَّبِّيُّ: قَرَأَ الْوَلِيدُ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ: يَا لَيْتُهَا كَانَتِ الْقَاضِيَةَ وَتَحْتَ الْمِنْبَرِ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ وَسُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، فَقَالَ سُلَيْمَانُ: وَدِدْتُهَا وَاللَّهِ، وَكَانَ الْوَلِيدُ جَبَّارًا ظَالِمًا. وَأَخْرَجَ أَبُو نُعَيْمٍ فِي «الْحِلْيَةِ» عَنِ ابْنِ شَوْذَبٍ قَالَ: (قَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ: الْوَلِيدُ بِالشَّامِ، وَالْحَجَّاجُ بِالْعِرَاقِ، وَعُثْمَانُ بْنُ حَيَّانَ بِالْحِجَازِ، وَقُرَّةُ بْنُ شَرِيكٍ بِمِصْرَ؛ امْتَلَأَتِ الْأَرْضُ وَاللَّهِ جَوْرًا). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ فِي «تَفْسِيرِهِ» عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ أَبِي زُرْعَةَ، أَنَّ الْوَلِيدَ قَالَ لَهُ: أَيُحَاسَبُ الْخَلِيفَةُ؟ قَالَ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ؛ أَأَنْتَ أَكْرَمُ عَلَى اللَّهِ أَمْ دَاوُدُ؟ إِنَّ اللَّهَ جَمَعَ لَهُ النُّبُوَّةَ وَالْخِلَافَةَ، ثُمَّ تَوَعَّدَهُ فِي كِتَابِهِ فَقَالَ: { يَا دَاوُدُ } الْآيَةَ. لَكِنَّهُ أَقَامَ الْجِهَادَ فِي أَيَّامِهِ، وَفُتِحَتْ فِي خِلَافَتِهِ فُتُوحَاتٌ عَظِيمَةٌ، وَكَانَ مَعَ ذَلِكَ يَخْتِنُ الْأَيْتَامَ، وَيُرَتِّبُ لَهُمُ الْمُؤَدِّبِينَ، وَيُرَتِّبُ لِلزَّمْنَى مَنْ يَخْدِمُهُمْ، وَلِلْأَضِرَّاءِ مَنْ يَقُودُهُمْ، وَعَمَّرَ الْمَسْجِدَ النَّبَوِيَّ وَوَسَّعَهُ، وَرَزَقَ الْفُقَهَاءَ وَالْفُقَرَاءَ وَالضُّعَفَاءَ، وَحَرَّمَ عَلَيْهِمْ سُؤَالَ النَّاسِ، وَفَرَضَ لَهُمْ مَا يَكْفِيهِمْ، وَضَبَطَ الْأُمُورَ أَتَمَّ ضَبْطٍ. وَقَالَ ابْنُ أَبِي عَبْلَةَ: (رَحِمَ اللَّهُ الْوَلِيدَ، وَأَيْنَ مِثْلُ الْوَلِيدِ؟! افْتَتَحَ الْهِنْدَ وَالْأَنْدَلُسَ، وَبَنَى مَسْجِدَ دِمَشْقَ، وَكَانَ يُعْطِينِي قِصَاعَ الْفِضَّةِ أُقَسِّمُهَا عَلَى قُرَّاءِ مَسْجِدِ بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ). مبايعة الوليد بالخلافة خِلَافَةُ الْوَلِيدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بَانِي جَامِعِ دِمَشْقَ لَمَّا رَجَعَ مِنْ دَفْنِ أَبِيهِ خَارِجَ بَابِ الْجَابِيَةِ الصَّغِيرِ - وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي يَوْمِ الْخَمِيسِ، وَقِيلَ: الْجُمْعَةِ. لِلنِّصْفِ مِنْ شَوَّالٍ مِنْ هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ - أَعْنِي سَنَةَ سِتٍّ وَثَمَانِينَ - لَمْ يَدْخُلِ الْمَنْزِلَ حَتَّى صَعِدَ الْمِنْبَرَ - مِنْبَرَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْأَعْظَمِ بِدِمَشْقَ - فَخَطَبَ النَّاسَ، فَكَانَ مِمَّا قَالَ: إِنَّا لِلَّهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ، وَاللَّهُ الْمُسْتَعَانُ عَلَى مُصِيبَتِنَا بِمَوْتِ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَالْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ عَلَى مَا أَنْعَمَ بِهِ عَلَيْنَا مِنَ الْخِلَافَةِ، قُومُوا فَبَايِعُوا، فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ قَامَ إِلَيْهِ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ هَمَّامٍ السَّلُولِيُّ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: اللَّهُ أَعْطَاكَ الَّتِي لَا فَوْقَهَا وَقَدْ أَرَادَ الْمُلْحِدُونَ عَوْقَهَا عَنْكَ وَيَأْبَى اللَّهُ إِلَّا سَوْقَهَا إِلَيْكَ حَتَّى قَلَّدُوكَ طَوْقَهَا ثُمَّ بَايَعَهُ، وَبَايَعَهُ النَّاسُ بَعْدَهُ. وَذَكَرَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: أَنَّهُ حَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى بِمَا هُوَ أَهْلُهُ عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، إِنَّهُ لَا مُقَدِّمَ لِمَا أَخَّرَ اللَّهُ، وَلَا مُؤَخِّرَ لِمَا قَدَّمَ اللَّهُ، وَقَدْ كَانَ مِنْ قَضَاءِ اللَّهِ وَسَابِقَتِهِ، وَمَا كَتَبَهُ عَلَى أَنْبِيَائِهِ وَحَمَلَةِ عَرْشِهِ وَمَلَائِكَتِهِ الْمَوْتُ، وَقَدْ صَارَ إِلَى مَنَازِلِ الْأَبْرَارِ بِمَا لَاقَى فِي هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ - يَعْنِي بِالَّذِي يَحِقُّ لِلَّهِ عَلَيْهِ - مِنَ الشِّدَّةِ عَلَى الْمُرِيبِ، وَاللَّيِّنِ لِأَهْلِ الْحَقِّ وَالْفَضْلِ، وَإِقَامَةِ مَا أَقَامَ اللَّهُ مِنْ مَنَارِ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَإِعْلَائِهِ مِنْ حَجِّ هَذَا الْبَيْتِ، وَغَزْوِ هَذِهِ الثُّغُورِ، وَشَنِّ هَذِهِ الْغَارَاتِ عَلَى أَعْدَاءِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، فَلَمْ يَكُنْ عَاجِزًا وَلَا مُفَرِّطًا، أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ عَلَيْكُمْ بِالطَّاعَةِ وَلُزُومِ الْجَمَاعَةِ ; فَإِنَّ الشَّيْطَانَ مَعَ الْفَرْدِ، أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، مَنْ أَبْدَى لَنَا ذَاتَ نَفْسِهِ ضَرَبْنَا الَّذِي فِيهِ عَيْنَاهُ، وَمَنْ سَكَتَ مَاتَ بِدَائِهِ، ثُمَّ نَزَلَ فَنَظَرَ إِلَى مَا كَانَ مِنْ دَوَابِّ الْخِلَافَةِ، فَحَازَهَا وَكَانَ جَبَّارًا عَنِيدًا. محاسن ومناقب الوليد بن عبد الملك وَالْوَلِيدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ فَقَدْ كَانَ صَيِّنًا فِي نَفْسِهِ، حَازِمًا فِي رَأْيِهِ، يُقَالُ: إِنَّهُ لَا تُعْرَفُ لَهُ صَبْوَةٌ. وَمِنْ جُمْلَةِ مَحَاسِنِهِ مَا صَحَّ عَنْهُ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: لَوْلَا أَنَّ اللَّهَ قَصَّ عَلَيْنَا قِصَّةَ قَوْمِ لُوطٍ فِي كِتَابِهِ مَا ظَنَنْتُ أَنَّ ذَكَرًا يَأْتِي ذَكَرًا كَمَا تُؤْتَى النِّسَاءُ. كَمَا سَيَأْتِي ذَلِكَ فِي تَرْجَمَتِهِ عِنْدَ ذِكْرِ وَفَاتِهِ فِي سَنَةِ سِتٍّ وَتِسْعِينَ، إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى وَهُوَ بَانِي جَامِعِ دِمَشْقَ الَّذِي لَا يُعْرَفُ فِي الْآفَاقِ أَحْسَنُ بِنَاءً مِنْهُ، وَقَدْ شَرَعَ فِي بِنَائِهِ فِي ذِي الْقَعْدَةِ مِنْ هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ فِي بِنَائِهِ وَتَحْسِينِهِ مُدَّةَ خِلَافَتِهِ، وَهِيَ عَشْرُ سِنِينَ فَلَمَّا أَنْهَاهُ انْتَهَتْ أَيَّامُ خِلَافَتِهِ، كَمَا سَيَأْتِي بَيَانُ ذَلِكَ مُفَصَّلًا، وَقَدْ كَانَ مَوْضِعُ هَذَا الْمَسْجِدِ كَنِيسَةً يُقَالُ لَهَا: كَنِيسَةُ يُوحَنَّا، فَلَمَّا فَتَحَتِ الصَّحَابَةُ دِمَشْقَ جَعَلُوهَا مُنَاصَفَةً، فَأَخَذُوا مِنْهَا الْجَانِبَ الشَّرْقِيَّ فَحَوَّلُوهُ مَسْجِدًا، وَبَقِيَ الْجَانِبُ الْغَرْبِيُّ كَنِيسَةً بِحَالِهِ مِنْ لَدُنْ سَنَةِ أَرْبَعَ عَشْرَةَ إِلَى هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ، فَعَزَمَ الْوَلِيدُ عَلَى أَخْذِ بَقِيَّةِ هَذِهِ الْكَنِيسَةِ مِنْهُمْ، وَعَوَّضَهُمْ عَنْهَا كَنِيسَةَ مَرْيَمَ لِدُخُولِهَا فِي جَانِبِ السَّيْفِ، وَقِيلَ: عَوَّضَهُمْ عَنْهَا كَنِيسَةَ تُومَا، وَهَدَمَ بَقِيَّةَ هَذِهِ الْكَنِيسَةِ وَأَضَافَهَا إِلَى مَسْجِدِ الصَّحَابَةِ، وَجَعَلَ الْجَمِيعَ مَسْجِدًا وَاحِدًا، عَلَى هَيْئَةٍ بَدِيعَةٍ لَا يَعْرِفُ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ أَوْ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لَهَا نَظِيرًا فِي الْبُنْيَانِ وَالدِّيَارَاتِ وَالْآثَارِ وَالْعِمَارَاتِ، وَاللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى أَعْلَمُ.
Translation
✧ The Life of al-Walīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik The Caliphate of al-Walīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik [86 – 96 AH] Abū al-ʿAbbās said: al-ʿĪshī said: (His parents pampered him, so he grew up without discipline). Rawḥ b. Zinbāʿ said: (I entered one day upon ʿAbd al-Malik while he was worried, and he said: I thought about whom to appoint over the affairs of the Arabs, and I did not find him. I said: What about al-Walīd? He said: He does not know grammar well. Al-Walīd heard that, so he rose immediately, gathered the scholars of grammar, and sat with them in a house for six months. Then he emerged more ignorant than he had been. ʿAbd al-Malik said: Indeed, he has made his excuse). Abū al-Zinād said: (Al-Walīd made grammatical errors. He said on the pulpit of the Prophet’s Mosque: “O people of Madinah”). Abū ʿIkrimah al-Ḍabbī said: Al-Walīd recited on the pulpit: “Would that it had been the final end,” while beneath the pulpit were ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz and Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik. Sulaymān said: By God, I wish it had been. Al-Walīd was a tyrannical oppressor. Abū Nuʿaym reported in “al-Ḥilyah” from Ibn Shawdhab that he said: (ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz said: Al-Walīd is in Syria, al-Ḥajjāj in Iraq, ʿUthmān b. Ḥayyān in the Hijaz, and Qurrah b. Sharīk in Egypt; the earth has become filled, by God, with oppression). Ibn Abī Ḥātim reported in his “Tafsīr” from Ibrāhīm Abū Zurʿah that al-Walīd said to him: Will the caliph be held to account? He said: O Commander of the Faithful, are you nobler before God than David? God combined prophethood and caliphate for him, then threatened him in His Book, saying: {O David} the verse. However, he carried out jihād during his days, and great conquests were achieved in his caliphate. Along with that, he circumcised orphans, appointed teachers for them, appointed servants for the chronically ill, guides for the blind, expanded and renovated the Prophet’s Mosque, provided for jurists, the poor, and the weak, forbade them from begging, allotted them what sufficed them, and managed affairs with the fullest control. Ibn Abī ʿAblah said: (May God have mercy on al-Walīd. Where is the like of al-Walīd?! He conquered India and al-Andalus, built the mosque of Damascus, and used to give me silver bowls to distribute among the reciters of the Mosque of Jerusalem). Allegiance to al-Walīd for the Caliphate The Caliphate of al-Walīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik, the Builder of the Great Mosque of Damascus When he returned from burying his father outside the small Bāb al-Jābiyah – that was on Thursday, and it is said Friday, in the middle of Shawwāl of this year, meaning the year eighty-six – he did not enter the house until he ascended the pulpit, the pulpit of the great mosque of Damascus. He addressed the people, and among what he said was: “We belong to God and to Him we return. God is the one whose help is sought for our calamity in the death of the Commander of the Faithful. Praise be to God for the caliphate He has bestowed upon us. Rise and pledge allegiance.” The first to rise to him was ʿAbd Allāh b. Hammām al-Salūlī, saying: God has given you that above which there is nothing, and the heretics have tried to block it from you, but God refuses except to drive it to you until they placed its collar on you. Then he pledged allegiance to him, and the people pledged allegiance to him after him. Al-Wāqidī mentioned that he praised God and extolled Him as He deserves, then said: “O people, nothing can bring forward what God has delayed, and nothing can delay what God has brought forward. It was by God’s decree and prior determination, and what He wrote for His prophets, the bearers of His Throne, and His angels, that death occurs. He has gone to the abodes of the righteous because of what he faced in this community – meaning what is due to God from him – by being harsh toward the suspicious, lenient toward the people of truth and virtue, upholding what God has erected of the landmarks of Islam, exalting this House by pilgrimage, raiding these frontiers, and launching these campaigns against the enemies of God, may He be mighty and exalted. He was neither incapable nor negligent. O people, upon you is obedience and adherence to the community, for Satan is with the individual. O people, whoever shows us his inner self, we strike that which contains his eyes; and whoever remains silent dies of his disease.” Then he descended, looked at the mounts of the caliphate, took them for himself, and he was an obstinate tyrant. The Merits and Virtues of al-Walīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik Al-Walīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik was chaste in himself, resolute in his judgment. It is said that no youthful passion is known of him. Among his merits is what is authentically reported from him, that he said: “Were it not that God related to us the story of the people of Lot in His Book, I would not have thought that a male would come upon a male as women are come upon.” This will be mentioned in his biography at the account of his death in the year ninety-six, if God Almighty wills. He is the builder of the Great Mosque of Damascus, than which no finer building is known in all horizons. He began its construction in Dhū al-Qaʿdah of this year, and he continued building and beautifying it throughout his caliphate, which lasted ten years. When he finished it, the days of his caliphate came to an end, as will be explained in detail. The site of this mosque had been a church called the Church of John. When the Companions conquered Damascus, they made it shared: they took the eastern side and turned it into a mosque, while the western side remained a church as it had been from the year fourteen until this year. Al-Walīd resolved to take the rest of this church from them, and compensated them with the Church of Maryam because it fell within the side of the sword, and it is said he compensated them with the Church of Tūmā. He demolished the rest of this church and added it to the mosque of the Companions, making the whole into a single mosque in a wondrous form, the like of which many or most people do not know in building, monasteries, monuments, or constructions. And God, glorified and exalted, knows best.
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