Tarikh (al-Tabari) 207
The story of Moses the one who spoke with Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)
وَلَمَّا وَقَعَ مَا وَقَعَ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ الْعَظِيمِ، وَهُوَ الْغَلَبُ الَّذِي غُلِبَهُ فِرْعَوْنُ وَقَوْمُهُ مِنَ الْقِبْطِ فِي ذَلِكَ الْمَوْقِفِ الْهَائِلِ، وَأَسْلَمَ السَّحَرَةُ، الَّذِينَ اسْتَنْصَرُوا رَبَّهُمْ لَمْ يَزِدْهُمْ ذَلِكَ إِلَّا كُفْرًا وَعِنَادًا وَبُعْدًا عَنِ الْحَقِّ فأخبر تَعَالَى عَنِ الْمَلَأِ مِنْ قَوْمِ فِرْعَوْنَ، وَهُمُ الْأُمَرَاءُ وَالْكُبَرَاءُ، أَنَّهُمْ حَرَّضُوا مِلَكَهُمْ فِرْعَوْنَ عَلَى أَذِيَّةِ نَبِيِّ اللَّهِ مُوسَى ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، وَمُقَابَلَتِهِ - بَدَلَ التَّصْدِيقِ بِمَا جَاءَ بِهِ - بِالْكُفْرِ وَالرَّدِّ وَالْأَذَى، فَقَالُوا أَتَذَرُ مُوسَى وَقَوْمَهُ لِيُفْسِدُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَيَذَرَكَ وَآلِهَتَكَ يَعْنُونَ، قَبَّحَهُمُ اللَّهُ، أَنَّ دَعْوَتَهُ إِلَى عِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، وَالنَّهْيَ عَنْ عِبَادَةِ مَا سِوَاهُ فَسَادٌ بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى اعْتِقَادِ الْقِبْطِ، لَعَنَهُمُ اللَّهُ. وَقَرَأَ بَعْضُهُمْ: " وَيَذَرَكَ وَإِلَاهَتَكَ " أَيْ ; وَعِبَادَتَكَ. وَيَحْتَمِلُ شَيْئَيْنِ ; أَحَدُهُمَا وَيَذْرُ دِينَكَ. وَتُقَوِّيهِ الْقِرَاءَةُ الْأُخْرَى. الثَّانِي، وَيَذَرُ أَنْ يَعْبُدَكَ، فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ يَزْعُمُ أَنَّهُ إِلَهٌ، لَعَنَهُ اللَّهُ قَالَ سَنُقَتِّلُ أَبْنَاءَهُمْ وَنَسْتَحْيِي نِسَاءَهُمْ أَيْ ; لِئَلَّا تَكْثُرَ مُقَاتِلَتُهُمْ وَإِنَّا فَوْقَهُمْ قَاهِرُونَ أَيْ ; غَالِبُونَ قَالَ مُوسَى لِقَوْمِهِ اسْتَعِينُوا بِاللَّهِ وَاصْبِرُوا إِنَّ الْأَرْضَ لِلَّهِ يُورِثُهَا مَنْ يَشَاءُ مِنْ عِبَادِهِ وَالْعَاقِبَةُ لِلْمُتَّقِينَ أَيْ ; إِذَا هَمُّوا هُمْ بِأَذِيَّتِكُمْ وَالْفَتْكِ بِكُمْ فَاسْتَعِينُوا أَنْتُمْ بِرَبِّكُمْ، وَاصْبِرُوا عَلَى بَلِيَّتِكُمْ، إِنَّ الْأَرْضَ لِلَّهِ يُورِثُهَا مَنْ يَشَاءُ مِنْ عِبَادِهِ وَالْعَاقِبَةُ لِلْمُتَّقِينَ أَيْ ; فَكُونُوا أَنْتُمْ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ ; لِتَكُونَ لَكُمُ الْعَاقِبَةُ، كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى فِي الْآيَةِ الْأُخْرَى: وَقَالَ مُوسَى يَا قَوْمِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ آمَنْتُمْ بِاللَّهِ فَعَلَيْهِ تَوَكَّلُوا إِنْ كُنْتُمْ مُسْلِمِينَ فَقَالُوا عَلَى اللَّهِ تَوَكَّلْنَا رَبَّنَا لَا تَجْعَلْنَا فِتْنَةً لِلْقَوْمِ الظَّالِمِينَ وَنَجِّنَا بِرَحْمَتِكَ مِنَ الْقَوْمِ الْكَافِرِينَ [ يُونُسَ: 84 - 86 ]. وَقَوْلُهُمْ: أُوذِينَا مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ تَأْتِيَنَا وَمِنْ بَعْدِ مَا جِئْتَنَا أَيْ ; قَدْ كَانَتِ الْأَبْنَاءُ تُقْتَلُ قَبْلَ مَجِيئِكَ، وَبَعْدَ مَجِيئِكَ إِلَيْنَا قَالَ عَسَى رَبُّكُمْ أَنْ يُهْلِكَ عَدُوَّكُمْ وَيَسْتَخْلِفَكُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَيَنْظُرَ كَيْفَ تَعْمَلُونَ وَقَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى فِي سُورَةِ " حم الْمُؤْمِنِ ": وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا مُوسَى بِآيَاتِنَا وَسُلْطَانٍ مُبِينٍ إِلَى فِرْعَوْنَ وَهَامَانَ وَقَارُونَ فَقَالُوا سَاحِرٌ كَذَّابٌ [ غَافِرٍ: 23، 24 ]. وَكَانَ فِرْعَوْنُ الْمَلِكَ، وَهَامَانُ الْوَزِيرَ، وَكَانَ قَارُونُ إِسْرَائِيلِيًّا مِنْ قَوْمِ مُوسَى، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ كَانَ عَلَى دِينِ فِرْعَوْنَ وَمَلَئِهِ، وَكَانَ ذَا مَالٍ جَزِيلٍ جِدًّا،. فَلَمَّا جَاءَهُمْ بِالْحَقِّ مِنْ عِنْدِنَا قَالُوا اقْتُلُوا أَبْنَاءَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مَعَهُ وَاسْتَحْيُوا نِسَاءَهُمْ وَمَا كَيْدُ الْكَافِرِينَ إِلَّا فِي ضَلَالٍ [ غَافِرٍ: 25 ]. وَهَذَا الْقَتْلُ لِلْغِلْمَانِ، مِنْ بَعْدِ بَعْثَةِ مُوسَى، إِنَّمَا كَانَ عَلَى وَجْهِ الْإِهَانَةِ وَالْإِذْلَالِ، وَالتَّقْلِيلِ لِمَلَأِ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ ; لِئَلَّا تَكُونَ لَهُمْ شَوْكَةٌ يَمْتَنِعُونَ بِهَا أَوْ يَصُولُونَ عَلَى الْقِبْطِ بِسَبَبِهَا، وَكَانَتِ الْقِبْطُ مِنْهُمْ يَحْذَرُونَ، فَلَمْ يَنْفَعْهُمْ ذَلِكَ ; وَلَمْ يَرُدَّ عَنْهُمْ قَدَرَ الَّذِي يَقُولُ لِلشَّيْءِ: كُنْ. فَيَكُونُ. وَقَالَ فِرْعَوْنُ ذَرُونِي أَقْتُلْ مُوسَى وَلْيَدْعُ رَبَّهُ إِنِّي أَخَافُ أَنْ يُبَدِّلَ دِينَكُمْ أَوْ أَنْ يُظْهِرَ فِي الْأَرْضِ الْفَسَادَ [ غَافِرٍ: 26 ]. وَلِهَذَا يَقُولُ النَّاسُ عَلَى سَبِيلِ التَّهَكُّمِ: صَارَ فِرْعَوْنُ مُذَكِّرًا. وَهَذَا مِنْهُ، فَإِنَّ فِرْعَوْنَ فِي زَعْمِهِ يَخَافُ عَلَى النَّاسِ أَنْ يُضِلَّهُمْ مُوسَى، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ. وَقَالَ مُوسَى إِنِّي عُذْتُ بِرَبِّي وَرَبِّكُمْ مِنْ كُلِّ مُتَكَبِّرٍ لَا يُؤْمِنُ بِيَوْمِ الْحِسَابِ [ غَافِرٍ: 27 ]. أَيْ ; عُذْتُ بِاللَّهِ، وَلَجَأْتُ إِلَيْهِ وَاسْتَجَرْتُ بِجَنَابِهِ مِنْ أَنْ يَسْطُوَ فِرْعَوْنُ أَوْ غَيْرُهُ عَلَيَّ بِسُوءٍ. وَقَوْلُهُ: مِنْ كُلِّ مُتَكَبِّرٍ أَيْ ; جَبَّارٍ عَنِيدٍ، لَا يَرْعَوِي وَلَا يَنْتَهِي، وَلَا يَخَافُ عَذَابَ اللَّهِ وَعِقَابَهُ ; لِأَنَّهُ لَا يَعْتَقِدُ مَعَادًا وَلَا جَزَاءً، وَلِهَذَا قَالَ مِنْ كُلِّ مُتَكَبِّرٍ لَا يُؤْمِنُ بِيَوْمِ الْحِسَابِ.
Translation
✧ And when there occurred what occurred of the great matter, namely the defeat with which Pharaoh and his people, the Copts, were defeated in that awesome situation, and the magicians submitted, they sought help from their Lord, but that only increased them in disbelief, obstinacy, and distance from the truth. So Allah, exalted be He, informed about the chiefs of Pharaoh's people, namely the commanders and the notables, that they incited their king Pharaoh to harm the Prophet of Allah, Moses ﷺ, and to meet him—instead of confirming what he brought—with disbelief, rejection, and harm. They said: “Will you leave Moses and his people to cause corruption in the land, and forsake you and your gods?” They meant, may Allah disfigure them, that his call to the worship of Allah alone with no partner, and the prohibition of worshipping anything besides Him, was corruption relative to the belief of the Copts, may Allah curse them. Some recited: “and forsake you and your worship,” meaning and your worship. This is susceptible of two things: one is, and he will forsake your religion; and the other reading strengthens this. The second is, and he will forsake that you be worshipped; for he used to claim that he was a god, may Allah curse him. He said: “We shall slay their sons and spare their women,” meaning, so that their fighting men may not become numerous; “and indeed we are above them, subjugators,” meaning, prevailers. Moses said to his people: “Seek help from Allah and be patient; indeed the earth belongs to Allah. He causes whom He wills of His servants to inherit it, and the outcome is for the pious.” That is, when they intend to harm you and destroy you, then you seek help from your Lord, and be patient in your affliction. Indeed the earth belongs to Allah; He causes whom He wills of His servants to inherit it, and the outcome is for the pious. That is, be among the pious, so that the outcome may be yours, as Allah, exalted be He, said in the other verse: “And Moses said: O my people, if you have believed in Allah, then put your trust in Him, if you are Muslims.” And they said: “Upon Allah we have relied. Our Lord, make us not a trial for the wrongdoing people. And save us by Your mercy from the disbelieving people.” [Yunus: 84–86]. And their saying: “We were harmed before you came to us and after you came to us,” meaning, sons were being slain before your coming, and after your coming to us. He said: “Perhaps your Lord will destroy your enemy and make you successors in the land, so that He may observe how you act.” And Allah, exalted be He, said in Surah Ḥā Mīm al-Muʾmin: “And indeed We sent Moses with Our signs and a clear authority to Pharaoh, Haman, and Qarun, but they said: a lying magician.” [Ghafir: 23–24]. Pharaoh was the king, Haman the minister, and Qarun was an Israelite from the people of Moses, except that he was upon the religion of Pharaoh and his chiefs, and he had very great wealth. And when he brought them the truth from Us, they said: “Slay the sons of those who have believed with him and spare their women.” But the plot of the disbelievers is naught but astray. [Ghafir: 25]. This slaying of the boys, after the sending of Moses, was only in the way of humiliation, degradation, and diminishing the assembly of the Children of Israel, so that they would not have a force with which they could defend themselves or prevail over the Copts because of it. The Copts were wary of them, but that did not avail them, nor did it repel from them the decree of the One who says to a thing, “Be,” and it is. And Pharaoh said: “Leave me to slay Moses, and let him call upon his Lord. Indeed I fear that he will change your religion or that he will cause corruption to appear in the land.” [Ghafir: 26]. For this reason people say in mockery: Pharaoh has become a warner. And this is from him, for Pharaoh in his claim fears that Moses ﷺ might lead the people astray. And Moses said: “Indeed I have sought refuge in my Lord and your Lord from every arrogant one who does not believe in the Day of Reckoning.” [Ghafir: 27]. That is, I have sought refuge in Allah, and I have resorted to Him, and I have sought protection by His side from Pharaoh or anyone else attacking me with evil. And his saying, “from every arrogant one,” means, an obstinate tyrant who does not desist or refrain, and does not fear Allah's punishment and requital, because he does not believe in a return or recompense. For this reason he said: “from every arrogant one who does not believe in the Day of Reckoning.”
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