Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2030

The Caliphate of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān

وَلَمَّا وَقَعَ هَذَا الْأَمْرُ الْعَظِيمُ الْفَظِيعُ الشَّنِيعُ أُسْقِطَ فِي أَيْدِي النَّاسِ، فَأَعْظَمُوهُ جِدًّا، وَنَدِمَ أَكْثَرُ هَؤُلَاءِ الْجَهَلَةِ الْخَوَارِجِ عَلَى مَا صَنَعُوا، وَأَشْبَهُوا مَنْ تَقَدَّمَهُمْ مِمَّنْ قَصَّ اللَّهُ عَلَيْنَا خَبَرَهُمْ فِي كِتَابِهِ الْعَزِيزِ، مِنَ الَّذِينَ عَبَدُوا الْعِجْلَ فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: وَلَمَّا سُقِطَ فِي أَيْدِيهِمْ وَرَأَوْا أَنَّهُمْ قَدْ ضَلُّوا قَالُوا لَئِنْ لَمْ يَرْحَمْنَا رَبُّنَا وَيَغْفِرْ لَنَا لَنَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْخَاسِرِينَ [ الْأَعْرَافِ: 149 ] وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ الزُّبَيْرَ مَقْتَلُ عُثْمَانَ - وَكَانَ قَدْ خَرَجَ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ - قَالَ: إِنَّا لِلَّهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ. ثُمَّ تَرَحَّمَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ، وَبَلَغَهُ أَنَّ الَّذِينَ قَتَلُوهُ نَدِمُوا فَقَالَ: تَبًّا لَهُمْ. ثُمَّ تَلَا قَوْلَهُ تَعَالَى: مَا يَنْظُرُونَ إِلَّا صَيْحَةً وَاحِدَةً تَأْخُذُهُمْ وَهُمْ يَخِصِّمُونَ فَلَا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ تَوْصِيَةً وَلَا إِلَى أَهْلِهِمْ يَرْجِعُونَ [ يس: 48، 49 ]. وَبَلَغَ عَلِيًّا قَتْلُهُ فَتَرَحَّمَ عَلَيْهِ، وَسَمِعَ بِنَدَمِ الَّذِينَ قَتَلُوهُ فَتَلَا قَوْلَهُ تَعَالَى كَمَثَلِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِذْ قَالَ لِلْإِنْسَانِ اكْفُرْ الْآيَةَ [ الْحَشْرِ: 16 ]. وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ سَعْدَ بْنَ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ قَتْلُ عُثْمَانَ اسْتَغْفَرَ لَهُ، وَتَرَحَّمَ عَلَيْهِ، وَتَلَا فِي حَقِّ الَّذِينَ قَتَلُوهُ: قُلْ هَلْ نُنَبِّئُكُمْ بِالْأَخْسَرِينَ أَعْمَالًا الَّذِينَ ضَلَّ سَعْيُهُمْ فِي الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا وَهُمْ يَحْسَبُونَ أَنَّهُمْ يُحْسِنُونَ صُنْعًا [ الْكَهْفِ: 103، 104 ]. ثُمَّ قَالَ سَعْدٌ: اللَّهُمَّ أَنْدِمْهُمْ ثُمَّ خُذْهُمْ. وَقَدْ أَقْسَمَ بَعْضُ السَّلَفِ بِاللَّهِ أَنَّهُ مَا مَاتَ أَحَدٌ مِنْ قَتَلَةِ عُثْمَانَ إِلَّا مَقْتُولًا. رَوَاهُ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ. وَهَكَذَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَكُونَ؛ لِوُجُوهٍ مِنْهَا، دَعْوَةُ سَعْدٍ الْمُسْتَجَابَةُ، كَمَا ثَبَتَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ الصَّحِيحِ. وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: مَا مَاتَ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ حَتَّى جُنَّ. وَقَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: حَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ، قَالَ: الَّذِي قَتَلَ عُثْمَانَ كِنَانَةُ بْنُ بِشْرِ بْنِ عَتَّابٍ التُّجِيبِيُّ، وَكَانَتِ امْرَأَةُ مَنْظُورِ بْنِ سَيَّارٍ الْفَزَارِيِّ تَقُولُ: خَرَجْنَا إِلَى الْحَجِّ وَمَا عَلِمْنَا لِعُثْمَانَ بِقَتْلٍ، حَتَّى إِذَا كُنَّا بِالْعَرْجِ سَمِعْنَا رَجُلًا يُغَنِّي تَحْتَ اللَّيْلِ: أَلَا إِنَّ خَيْرَ النَّاسِ بَعْدَ ثَلَاثَةٍ قَتِيلُ التُّجِيبِيِّ الَّذِي جَاءَ مِنْ مِصْرِ وَلَمَّا رَجَعَ الْحَجِيجُ وَجَدُوا عُثْمَانَ، ؓ، قَدْ قُتِلَ وَبَايَعَ النَّاسُ عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، ؓ. وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ أُمَّهَاتِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ فِي أَثْنَاءِ الطَّرِيقِ أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ قَدْ قُتِلَ، رَجَعْنَ إِلَى مَكَّةَ، فَأَقَمْنَ بِهَا نَحْوًا مِنْ أَرْبَعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ كَمَا سَيَأْتِي. فَصْلٌ ( كَلَامُ الصَّحَابَةِ فِي مَقْتَلِ عُثْمَانَ ؓ ) رَوَى الْحَافِظُ بْنُ عَسَاكِرَ، بسنده عَنْ حُذَيْفَةَ. قَالَ: أَوَّلُ الْفِتَنِ قَتْلُ عُثْمَانَ، وَآخِرُ الْفِتَنِ خُرُوجُ الدَّجَّالِ، وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ لَا يَمُوتُ رَجُلٌ وَفِي قَلْبِهِ مِثْقَالُ حَبَّةٍ مِنْ حُبِّ قَتْلِ عُثْمَانَ إِلَّا تَبِعَ الدَّجَّالَ إِنْ أَدْرَكَهُ وَإِنْ لَمْ يُدْرِكْهُ آمَنَ بِهِ فِي قَبْرِهِ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي " صَحِيحِهِ ". قَالَ عن أبي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النَّجْرَانِيُّ أَنَّ حُذَيْفَةَ بْنَ الْيَمَانِ فِي مَرَضِهِ الَّذِي هَلَكَ فِيهِ، كَانَ عِنْدَهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ إِخْوَانِهِ وَهُوَ يُنَاجِي امْرَأَتَهُ، فَفَتَحَ عَيْنَيْهِ فَسَأَلَهُمَا فَقَالَا: خَيْرٌ. فَقَالَ: إِنَّ شَيْئًا تُسِرَّانِهِ دُونِي مَا هُوَ بِخَيْرٍ. قَالَ: قُتِلَ الرَّجُلُ. يَعْنِي عُثْمَانَ. قَالَ: فَاسْتَرْجَعَ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي كُنْتُ مِنْ هَذَا الْأَمْرِ بِمَعْزِلٍ، فَإِنْ كَانَ خَيْرًا فَهُوَ لِمَنْ حَضَرَهُ، وَأَنَا مِنْهُ بَرِيءٌ، وَإِنْ كَانَ شَرًّا فَهُوَ لِمَنْ حَضَرَهُ، وَأَنَا مِنْهُ بَرِيءٌ، الْيَوْمَ نَفَرَتِ الْقُلُوبُ بِأَنْفَارِهَا، الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي سَبَقَ بِيَ الْفِتَنَ، قَادَتَهَا وَعُلُوجَهَا، الْحَظِيُّ مَنْ تَرَدَّى بَعِيرُهُ، فَشَبِعَ شَحْمَا وَقَلَّ عَمَلُهُ. وَعَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيِّ قَالَ: لَوْ كَانَ قَتْلُ عُثْمَانَ هُدًى، لَاحْتَلَبَتْ بِهِ الْأُمَّةُ لَبَنًا، وَلَكِنَّهُ كَانَ ضَلَالًا، فَاحْتَلَبَتْ بِهِ الْأُمَّةُ دَمًا. وَهَذَا مُنْقَطِعٌ. وَعَنْ زَهْدَمٍ الْجَرْمِيِّ قَالَ: خَطَبَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ فَقَالَ: لَوْ لَمْ يَطْلُبِ النَّاسُ بِدَمِ عُثْمَانَ لَرُمُوا بِالْحِجَارَةِ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ. وَقَدْ رُوِيَ مِنْ غَيْرِ هَذَا الْوَجْهِ عَنْهُ. وعَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ الْأَنْصَارِيِّ قَالَ: لَمَّا قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ جِئْتُ عَلِيًّا وَهُوَ جَالِسٌ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ وَعَلَيْهِ عِمَامَةٌ سَوْدَاءُ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ: قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ. فَقَالَ: تَبًّا لَهُمْ آخِرَ الدَّهْرِ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: خَيْبَةً لَهُمْ. وَعَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي لَيْلَى قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ عَلِيًّا وَهُوَ بِبَابِ الْمَسْجِدِ، أَوْ عِنْدَ أَحْجَارِ الزَّيْتِ رَافِعًا صَوْتَهُ يَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَبْرَأُ إِلَيْكَ مِنْ دَمِ عُثْمَانَ. وعَنِ الْحَسَنِ قَالَ: قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ وَعَلِيٌّ غَائِبٌ فِي أَرْضٍ لَهُ، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَهُ قَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي لَمْ أَرْضَ وَلَمْ أُمَالِئْ. وعَنْ أَبِي الْعَالِيَةِ أَنَّ عَلِيًّا دَخَلَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ، فَوَقَعَ عَلَيْهِ وَجَعَلَ يَبْكِي حَتَّى ظَنُّوا أَنَّهُ سَيَلْحَقُ بِهِ. وعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: قَالَ عَلِيٌّ يَوْمَ قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ: وَاللَّهِ مَا قَتَلْتُ، وَلَا أَمَرْتُ، وَلَكِنِّي غُلِبْتُ. وعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: قَالَ عَلِيٌّ: إِنْ شَاءَ النَّاسُ حَلَفْتُ لَهُمْ عِنْدَ مَقَامِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بِاللَّهِ، مَا قَتَلْتُ عُثْمَانَ، وَلَا أَمَرْتُ بِقَتْلِهِ، وَلَقَدْ نَهَيْتُهُمْ فَعَصَوْنِي. وَقَدْ رُوِيَ مِنْ غَيْرِ وَجْهٍ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ بِنَحْوِهِ. وعَنْ قَيْسِ بْنِ عُبَادٍ قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ عَلِيًّا يَوْمَ الْجَمَلِ يَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَبْرَأُ إِلَيْكَ مِنْ دَمِ عُثْمَانَ، وَلَقَدْ طَاشَ عَقْلِي يَوْمَ قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ، وَأَنْكَرْتُ نَفْسِي وَجَاءُونِي لِلْبَيْعَةِ فَقُلْتُ: وَاللَّهِ إِنِّي لِأَسْتَحْيِي مِنَ اللَّهِ أَنْ أُبَايِعَ قَوْمًا قَتَلُوا رَجُلًا قَالَ فِيهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ: أَلَا أَسْتَحْيِي مِمَّنْ تَسْتَحْيِي مِنْهُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ. وَإِنِّي لِأَسْتَحْيِي مِنَ اللَّهِ أَنْ أُبَايِعَ وَعُثْمَانُ قَتِيلٌ عَلَى الْأَرْضِ لَمْ يُدْفَنْ بَعْدُ. فَانْصَرَفُوا، فَلَمَّا دُفِنَ رَجَعَ النَّاسُ يَسْأَلُونِي الْبَيْعَةَ فَقُلْتُ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي لَمُشْفِقٌ مِمَّا أُقْدِمُ عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ جَاءَتْ عَزْمَةٌ فَبَايَعْتُ، فَلَمَّا قَالُوا: أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، فَكَأَنَّمَا صُدِعَ قَلْبِي وَانْسَكَبْتُ بِعَبْرَةٍ. وَقَدِ اعْتَنَى الْحَافِظُ الْكَبِيرُ أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ بْنُ عَسَاكِرَ بِجَمْعِ الطُّرُقِ الْوَارِدَةِ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ، أَنَّهُ تَبَرَّأَ مِنْ دَمِ عُثْمَانَ، وَكَانَ يُقْسِمُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ فِي خُطَبِهِ وَغَيْرِهَا أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَقْتُلْهُ، وَلَا أَمَرَ بِقَتْلِهِ، وَلَا مَالَأَ، وَلَا رَضِيَ بِهِ، وَلَقَدْ نَهَى عَنْهُ فَلَمْ يَسْمَعُوا مِنْهُ. ثَبَتَ ذَلِكَ عَنْهُ مِنْ طُرُقٍ تُفِيدُ الْقَطْعَ عِنْدَ كَثِيرٍ مِنْ أَئِمَّةِ الْحَدِيثِ. وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ وَالْمِنَّةُ. وَثَبَتَ عَنْهُ أَيْضًا مِنْ غَيْرِ وَجْهٍ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: إِنِّي لَأَرْجُوَ أَنْ أَكُونَ أَنَا وَعُثْمَانُ مِمَّنْ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى فِيهِمْ: وَنَزَعْنَا مَا فِي صُدُورِهِمْ مِنْ غِلٍّ إِخْوَانًا عَلَى سُرُرٍ مُتَقَابِلِينَ [ الْحِجْرِ: 47 ]. وَثَبَتَ عَنْهُ أَيْضًا مِنْ غَيْرِ وَجْهٍ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: كَانَ مِنَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ، ثُمَّ اتَّقَوْا وَآمَنُوا، ثُمَّ اتَّقَوْا وَأَحْسَنُوا. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: كَانَ عُثْمَانُ، ؓ، خَيْرَنَا، وَأَوْصَلَنَا لِلرَّحِمِ، وَأَشَدَّنَا حَيَاءً، وَأَحْسَنَنَا طُهُورًا، وَأَتْقَانَا لِلرَّبِّ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ. وَعَنْ عُمَيْرِ بْنِ زَوْذِيٍّ أَبِي كَثِيرٍ قَالَ: خَطَبَ عَلِيٌّ فَقَطَعَ الْخَوَارِجُ عَلَيْهِ خُطْبَتَهُ، فَنَزَلَ فَقَالَ: إِنَّ مَثَلِي وَمَثَلَ عُثْمَانَ كَمَثَلِ أَثْوَارٍ ثَلَاثَةٍ ; أَحْمَرَ وَأَبْيَضَ وَأَسْوَدَ، وَمَعَهُمْ فِي أَجَمَةٍ أَسَدٌ، فَكَانَ كُلَّمَا أَرَادَ قَتْلَ أَحَدِهِمْ مَنَعَهُ الْآخَرَانِ، فَقَالَ لِلْأَسْوَدِ وَالْأَحْمَرِ: إِنَّ هَذَا الْأَبْيَضَ قَدْ فَضَحَنَا فِي هَذِهِ الْأَجَمَةِ فَخَلِّيَا عَنْهُ حَتَّى آكُلَهُ. فَخَلَّيَا عَنْهُ فَأَكَلَهُ، ثُمَّ كَانَ كُلَّمَا أَرَادَ أَحَدَهُمَا مَنَعَهُ الْآخَرُ، فَقَالَ لِلْأَحْمَرِ: إِنَّ هَذَا الْأَسْوَدَ قَدْ فَضَحَنَا فِي هَذِهِ الْأَجَمَةِ، وَإِنَّ لَوْنِي عَلَى لَوْنِكَ، فَلَوْ خَلَّيْتَ عَنْهُ أَكَلْتُهُ. فَخَلَّى عَنْهُ الْأَحْمَرُ فَأَكَلَهُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ لِلْأَحْمَرِ: إِنِّي آكِلُكَ. فَقَالَ: دَعْنِي حَتَّى أَصِيحَ ثَلَاثَ صَيْحَاتٍ. فَقَالَ: دُونَكَ. فَقَالَ: أَلَا إِنِّي إِنَّمَا أُكِلْتُ يَوْمَ أُكِلَ الْأَبْيَضُ. ثَلَاثًا، ثُمَّ قَالَ عَلِيٌّ: وَإِنَّمَا أَنَا وَهَنْتُ يَوْمَ قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ. قَالَهَا ثَلَاثًا. وَرَوَى ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ، بسنده عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ قَالَ: كَانَتِ الْمَرْأَةُ تَجِيءُ فِي زَمَانِ عُثْمَانَ إِلَى بَيْتِ الْمَالِ، فَتَحْمِلُ وِقْرَهَا وَتَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ بَدِّلْ، اللَّهُمَّ غَيِّرْ. فَقَالَ حَسَّانُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ حِينَ قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ، ؓ: قُلْتُمُ بَدِّلْ فَقَدْ بَدَّلَكُمْ سَنَةً حَرَّى وَحَرْبًا كَاللَّهَبْ مَا نَقِمْتُمْ مِنْ ثِيَابٍ خِلْفَةٍ وَعَبِيدٍ وَإِمَاءٍ وَذَهَبْ قَالَ: وَقَالَ أَبُو حُمَيْدٍ أَخُو بَنِي سَاعِدَةَ - وَكَانَ مِمَّنْ شَهِدَ بَدْرًا، وَكَانَ فِي مَنْ جَانَبَ عُثْمَانَ - فَلَمَّا قُتِلَ قَالَ: وَاللَّهِ مَا أَرَدْنَا قَتْلَهُ، وَلَا كُنَّا نَرَى أَنْ يَبْلُغَ مِنْهُ الْقَتْلَ، اللَّهُمَّ إِنَّ لَكَ عَلَيَّ أَنْ لَا أَفْعَلَ كَذَا وَكَذَا، وَلَا أَضْحَكَ حَتَّى أَلْقَاكَ. وعَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ زَيْدِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ نُفَيْلٍ، قَالَ: لَقَدْ رَأَيْتُنِي وَإِنَّ عُمَرَ مُوثِقِي وَأُخْتَهُ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، وَلَوِ ارْفَضَّ أُحُدٌ فِيمَا صَنَعْتُمْ بِابْنِ عَفَّانَ، لَكَانَ حَقِيقًا. وَهَكَذَا رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي " صَحِيحِهِ ". وعَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ قَالَ: سَمِعَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَلَامٍ رَجُلًا يَقُولُ لِآخَرَ: قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ، فَلَمْ يَنْتَطِحُ فِيهِ عَنْزَانِ. فَقَالَ ابْنُ سَلَامٍ: أَجَلْ إِنَّ الْبَقَرَ وَالْمَعْزَ لَا تَنْتَطِحُ فِي قَتْلِ الْخَلِيفَةِ، وَلَكِنْ تَنْتَطِحُ فِيهِ الرِّجَالُ بِالسِّلَاحِ، وَاللَّهِ لَيُقْتَلَنَّ بِهِ أَقْوَامٌ، إِنَّهُمْ لَفِي أَصْلَابِ آبَائِهِمْ مَا وُلِدُوا بَعْدُ. وقَالَ ابْنُ سَلَامٍ: يُحَكَّمُ عُثْمَانُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فِي الْقَاتِلِ وَالْخَاذِلِ. وعن أَبِي الْأَسْوَدِ يَقُولُ: سَمِعْتُ أَبَا بَكْرَةَ يَقُولُ: لَأَنْ أَخِرَّ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ أُشْرَكَ فِي دَمِ عُثْمَانَ. وعَنْ أَبِي مَرْيَمَ رَضِيعِ الْجَارُودِ قَالَ: كُنْتُ بِالْكُوفَةِ فَقَامَ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ خَطِيبًا فَقَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، رَأَيْتُ الْبَارِحَةَ فِي مَنَامِي عَجَبًا ; رَأَيْتُ الرَّبَّ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى فَوْقَ عَرْشِهِ، فَجَاءَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، حَتَّى قَامَ عِنْدَ قَائِمَةٍ مِنْ قَوَائِمِ الْعَرْشِ، فَجَاءَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ فَوَضَعَ يَدَهُ عَلَى مَنْكِبِ النَّبِيِّ، ﷺ، ثُمَّ جَاءَ عُمَرُ فَوَضَعَ يَدَهُ عَلَى مَنْكِبِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، ثُمَّ جَاءَ عُثْمَانُ فَكَانَ نُبْذَةً، فَقَالَ: رَبِّ سَلْ عِبَادَكَ فِيمَ قَتَلُونِي ؟ فَانْبَعَثَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مِيزَابَانِ مِنْ دَمٍ فِي الْأَرْضِ. قَالَ: فَقِيلَ لِعَلِيٍّ: أَلَا تَرَى مَا يُحَدِّثُ بِهِ الْحَسَنُ ؟ فَقَالَ: حَدَّثَ بِمَا رَأَى. وعَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ صُوحَانَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ يَوْمَ قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ: نَفَرَتِ الْقُلُوبُ مَنَافِرَهَا، وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ، لَا تَتَآلَفُ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ. وعَنْ عَوْنِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ: قَالَ: قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ: غَضِبْتُ لَكُمْ مِنَ السَّوْطِ وَلَا أَغْضَبُ لِعُثْمَانَ مِنَ السَّيْفِ ! اسْتَعْتَبْتُمُوهُ حَتَّى إِذَا تَرَكْتُمُوهُ كَالْقَلْبِ الْمُصَفَّى قَتَلْتُمُوهُ. وعَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ قَالَ: قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ حِينَ قُتِلَ عُثْمَانُ: تَرَكْتُمُوهُ كَالثَّوْبِ النَّقِيِّ مِنَ الدَّنَسِ ثُمَّ قَتَلْتُمُوهُ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: ثُمَّ قَرَّبْتُمُوهُ فَذَبَحْتُمُوهُ كَمَا يُذْبَحُ الْكَبْشُ. فَقَالَ لَهَا مَسْرُوقٌ: هَذَا عَمَلُكِ، أَنْتِ كَتَبْتِ إِلَى النَّاسِ تَأْمُرِينَهُمْ أَنْ يَخْرُجُوا إِلَيْهِ. فَقَالَتْ: لَا وَالَّذِي آمَنَ بِهِ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ، وَكَفَرَ بِهِ الْكَافِرُونَ، مَا كَتَبْتُ إِلَيْهِمْ سَوْدَاءَ فِي بَيْضَاءَ حَتَّى جَلَسْتُ مَجْلِسِي هَذَا. قَالَ الْأَعْمَشُ: فَكَانُوا يَرَوْنَ أَنَّهُ كُتِبَ عَلَى لِسَانِهَا. وَهَذَا إِسْنَادٌ صَحِيحٌ إِلَيْهَا. وَفِي هَذَا وَأَمْثَالِهِ دَلَالَةٌ ظَاهِرَةٌ عَلَى أَنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ الْخَوَارِجَ، قَبَّحَهُمُ اللَّهُ، زَوَّرُوا كُتُبًا عَلَى لِسَانِ الصَّحَابَةِ إِلَى الْآفَاقِ، يُحَرِّضُونَهُمْ عَلَى قِتَالِ عُثْمَانَ، كَمَا قَدَّمْنَا بَيَانَهُ. وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ وَالْمِنَّةُ. وعَنْ أَنَسٍ قَالَ: قَالَتْ أُمُّ سُلَيْمٍ لَمَّا سَمِعَتْ بِقَتْلِ عُثْمَانَ: رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ، أَمَا إِنَّهُمْ لَنْ يَحْتَلِبُوا بَعْدَهُ إِلَّا دَمًا. كلام أئمة التابعين في مقتل عثمان ؓ وَأَمَّا كَلَامُ أَئِمَّةِ التَّابِعِينَ فِي هَذَا الْفَصْلِ فَكَثِيرٌ جِدًّا يَطُولُ ذِكْرُنَا لَهُ، فَمِنْ ذَلِكَ قَوْلُ أَبِي مُسْلِمٍ الْخَوْلَانِيِّ حِينَ رَأَى الْوَفْدَ الَّذِينَ قَدِمُوا مِنْ قَتْلِهِ: أَمَا مَرَرْتُمْ بِبِلَادِ ثَمُودَ ؟ قَالُوا: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: أَشْهَدُ أَنَّكُمْ مِثْلُهُمْ، لَخَلِيفَةُ اللَّهِ أَكْرَمُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ نَاقَتِهِ. وعَنِ الْحَسَنِ قَالَ: لَوْ كَانَ قَتْلُ عُثْمَانَ هُدًى لَاحْتَلَبَتْ بِهِ الْأُمَّةُ لَبَنًا، وَلَكِنَّهُ كَانَ ضَلَالًا فَاحْتَلَبَتْ بِهِ الْأُمَّةُ دَمًا. وَقَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ الْبَاقِرُ: كَانَ قَتْلُ عُثْمَانَ عَلَى غَيْرِ وَجْهِ الْحَقِّ

Translation

✧ When this great, horrific, and hideous affair occurred, the people fell into despair, and they regarded it as very serious. Most of those ignorant Kharijites regretted what they had done, and they resembled those who preceded them whose story God related to us in His Mighty Book, namely those who worshipped the calf, in His saying, Exalted is He: "And when they were seized with remorse and saw that they had gone astray, they said, 'If our Lord does not have mercy upon us and forgive us, we will surely be among the losers'" [al-Aʿrāf: 149]. When al-Zubayr learned of the killing of ʿUthmān—he had already left Madinah—he said: "To God we belong and to Him we return." Then he invoked mercy upon ʿUthmān. When he learned that those who killed him had regretted it, he said: "Perdition to them!" Then he recited His saying, Exalted is He: "They await only a single blast, which will seize them while they are disputing. Then they will not be able to make a bequest, nor will they return to their people" [Yā Sīn: 48–49]. When ʿAlī learned of his killing, he invoked mercy upon him and, hearing of the regret of those who killed him, recited His saying, Exalted is He: "Like the example of Satan when he said to man, 'Disbelieve'..." [al-Ḥashr: 16]. When Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ learned of the killing of ʿUthmān, he sought forgiveness for him and invoked mercy upon him, and he recited concerning those who killed him: "Say, 'Shall we inform you of the greatest losers as to their deeds? Those whose effort is lost in worldly life, while they think that they are doing well in work'" [al-Kahf: 103–104]. Then Saʿd said: "O God, make them regret it, then seize them." Some of the early scholars swore by God that no one among the killers of ʿUthmān died except that he was killed. This was related by Ibn Jarīr. And so it ought to be, for several reasons, among them the answered supplication of Saʿd, as is established in the authentic hadith. Some said: No one of them died before going mad. Al-Wāqidī said: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī al-Zinād narrated to me, from ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. al-Ḥārith, who said: The one who killed ʿUthmān was Kinānah b. Bishr b. ʿAttāb al-Tujībī. The wife of Manẓūr b. Sayyār al-Fazārī used to say: We set out for the pilgrimage and did not know of any killing of ʿUthmān, until when we were at al-ʿArj we heard a man singing in the night: Verily the best of people after three is the slain one of al-Tujībī, who came from Egypt. When the pilgrims returned, they found that ʿUthmān, ؓ, had been killed and that the people had pledged allegiance to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, ؓ. When the Mothers of the Believers learned during their journey that ʿUthmān had been killed, they returned to Makkah and stayed there for about four months, as will come later. Section (The statements of the Companions concerning the killing of ʿUthmān ؓ) Al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir related with his chain from Ḥudhayfah, who said: The first of the trials is the killing of ʿUthmān, and the last of the trials is the emergence of the Dajjāl. By Him in whose hand is my soul, no man dies while in his heart is the weight of a grain of love for the killing of ʿUthmān except that he will follow the Dajjāl if he encounters him, and if he does not encounter him, he will believe in him in his grave. Al-Bukhārī mentioned in his Ṣaḥīḥ, from Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Najrānī, that Ḥudhayfah b. al-Yamān, during the illness in which he died, had a man of his brothers with him, while he was conversing privately with his wife. He opened his eyes and asked them, and they said: "Good." He said: "Something you two conceal from me is not good." He said: "The man has been killed," meaning ʿUthmān. He said: "Then he made istirjāʿ," and said: "O God, I was removed from this affair. If it was good, then it belongs to those who were present, and I am innocent of it; and if it was evil, then it belongs to those who were present, and I am innocent of it. Today the hearts have fled in their flights. Praise be to God who made me precede the trials, their leaders and their riffraff. Fortunate is he whose camel threw him down, so that he ate his fill of fat and his work became little." From Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī, who said: If the killing of ʿUthmān had been guidance, the ummah would have milked from it milk; but it was misguidance, so the ummah milked from it blood. This is munqaṭiʿ. From Zahdam al-Jarmī, who said: Ibn ʿAbbās gave a sermon and said: If the people did not seek vengeance for the blood of ʿUthmān, they would be pelted with stones from the sky. It has also been related from him through other than this route. From Abū Jaʿfar al-Anṣārī, who said: When ʿUthmān was killed, I came to ʿAlī while he was sitting in the mosque wearing a black turban, and I said to him: "ʿUthmān has been killed." He said: "Perdition to them for the rest of time." In another narration: "Disappointment to them." From Ibn Abī Laylā, who said: I heard ʿAlī, while he was at the gate of the mosque or near the oil stones, raising his voice and saying: "O God, I declare my innocence to You from the blood of ʿUthmān." From al-Ḥasan, who said: ʿUthmān was killed while ʿAlī was absent on some land of his. When it reached him, he said: "O God, I did not approve and did not conspire." From Abū al-ʿĀliyah, that ʿAlī entered upon ʿUthmān and fell upon him and began to weep until they thought he would follow him. From Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: ʿAlī said on the day ʿUthmān was killed: "By God, I did not kill, nor did I command, but I was overcome." From Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: ʿAlī said: "If the people wish, I will swear to them by God at the Maqām of Ibrāhīm that I did not kill ʿUthmān, nor did I command his killing, and I forbade them, but they disobeyed me." It has also been related from ʿAlī through other than one route with similar wording. From Qays b. ʿUbād, who said: I heard ʿAlī on the Day of the Camel saying: "O God, I declare my innocence to You from the blood of ʿUthmān. My mind was confounded on the day ʿUthmān was killed, and I did not recognize myself. They came to me for the pledge of allegiance, and I said: 'By God, I am ashamed before God to pledge allegiance to a people who killed a man about whom the Messenger of God, ﷺ, said: "Should I not be ashamed before one of whom the angels are ashamed?" And I am ashamed before God to pledge allegiance while ʿUthmān lies slain on the ground, not yet buried.' So they went away. When he was buried, the people returned asking me for the pledge, and I said: 'O God, I am fearful of what I am embarking upon.' Then determination came, and I pledged allegiance. When they said: 'Commander of the Believers,' it was as if my heart was cleft, and I poured forth tears." The great Ḥāfiẓ Abū al-Qāsim Ibn ʿAsākir took care to collect the routes reported from ʿAlī that he declared his innocence from the blood of ʿUthmān, and he used to swear to that in his sermons and elsewhere that he did not kill him, nor command his killing, nor conspire, nor approve of it, and he had forbidden it but they did not listen to him. That is established from him through routes that yield certainty according to many of the imams of hadith. To God belongs praise and favor. It is also established from him through more than one route that he said: "I hope that I and ʿUthmān are among those about whom God, Exalted is He, said: 'And We will remove whatever is in their breasts of resentment, as brothers, on thrones facing each other' [al-Ḥijr: 47]." It is also established from him through more than one route that he said: "He was among those who believed and did righteous deeds, then feared and believed, then feared and did good." In one narration, he said: "ʿUthmān, ؓ, was the best of us, the most maintaining of kinship ties, the most intensely modest, the most excellent in purification, and the most God-fearing toward the Lord, Mighty and Majestic." From ʿUmayr b. Zawdhī Abū Kathīr, who said: ʿAlī was giving a sermon, and the Kharijites interrupted his sermon, so he descended and said: "My likeness and the likeness of ʿUthmān is like that of three bulls: a red one, a white one, and a black one, with them in a thicket was a lion. Whenever it wanted to kill one of them, the other two prevented it. It said to the black and the red: 'This white one has disgraced us in this thicket, so leave him to me that I may eat him.' So they left him, and it ate him. Then whenever it wanted one of the two, the other prevented it, so it said to the red: 'This black one has disgraced us in this thicket, and my color is like your color, so if you leave him, I will eat him.' So the red left him, and it ate him. Then it said to the red: 'I am going to eat you.' He said: 'Let me cry out three cries.' It said: 'Go ahead.' He said: 'Verily, I was eaten the day the white one was eaten,' three times. Then ʿAlī said: 'I was weakened the day ʿUthmān was killed,' saying it three times." Ibn ʿAsākir related with his chain from Saʿīd b. al-Musayyab, who said: A woman would come in the time of ʿUthmān to the public treasury, and she would carry away her load and say: "O God, change it; O God, alter it." Ḥassān b. Thābit said when ʿUthmān, ؓ, was killed: You said, "Change it," and He has changed you to a scorching year and a war like flame. What did you resent in garments of luxury, and slaves, and slave-girls, and gold? He said: Abū Ḥumayd, the brother of the Banū Sāʿidah—who was one of those who witnessed Badr and was among those who sided against ʿUthmān—when he was killed, said: "By God, we did not intend his killing, and we did not think that killing would reach him. O God, I pledge to You that I will not do such and such, and I will not laugh until I meet You." From Saʿīd b. Zayd b. ʿAmr b. Nufayl, who said: "I saw myself when ʿUmar bound me and his sister to Islam. If one mountain were to crumble because of what you have done to Ibn ʿAffān, it would be justified." Thus al-Bukhārī related it in his Ṣaḥīḥ. From ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Jubayr, who said: ʿAbd Allāh b. Salām heard a man saying to another: "ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān has been killed, and no two goats butted over it." Ibn Salām said: "Indeed, cows and goats do not butt over the killing of a caliph, but men butt over it with weapons. By God, peoples will be killed because of it, and they are still in the loins of their fathers, not yet born." Ibn Salām said: "ʿUthmān will be given judgment on the Day of Resurrection against the killer and the abandoner." From Abū al-Aswad, who said: I heard Abū Bakrah saying: "To fall from the sky to the earth is more beloved to me than to be associated with the blood of ʿUthmān." From Abū Maryam, the foster son of al-Jārūd, who said: I was in Kufa, and al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī stood as a speaker and said: "O people, last night I saw in my sleep a wonder. I saw the Lord, Blessed and Exalted, above His Throne. Then the Messenger of God, ﷺ, came and stood at one of the pillars of the Throne. Then Abū Bakr came and placed his hand on the Prophet's shoulder, ﷺ. Then ʿUmar came and placed his hand on Abū Bakr's shoulder. Then ʿUthmān came and stood at a short distance, and he said: 'Lord, ask Your servants why they killed me.' Then two spouts of blood gushed from the sky to the earth." He said: It was said to ʿAlī: "Do you not see what al-Ḥasan is relating?" He said: "He related what he saw." From Zayd b. Ṣūḥān, that he said on the day ʿUthmān was killed: "The hearts have fled to their places of refuge. By Him in whose hand is my soul, they will not be reconciled until the Day of Resurrection." From ʿAwn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUtbah, who said: ʿĀʾishah said: "I was angry with you because of the whip, but I am not angry for ʿUthmān because of the sword! You asked him to repent until when you left him like a polished heart, you killed him." From Masrūq, who said: ʿĀʾishah said when ʿUthmān was killed: "You left him like a garment pure from filth, then you killed him." In another narration: "Then you brought him near and slaughtered him as a ram is slaughtered." Masrūq said to her: "This is your doing. You wrote to the people commanding them to go out against him." She said: "No, by Him in whom the believers believe and the disbelievers disbelieve, I did not write to them a black letter on a white one until I sat in this seat of mine." Al-Aʿmash said: They used to think that it was written on her tongue. This is a sound chain to her. In this and its like is a clear indication that these Kharijites, may God disfigure them, forged letters on the tongues of the Companions to the regions, inciting them to fight ʿUthmān, as we have presented earlier. To God belongs praise and favor. From Anas, who said: Umm Sulaym said when she heard of the killing of ʿUthmān: "May God have mercy on him. Verily, after him they will milk only blood." The statements of the Imams of the Successors concerning the killing of ʿUthmān ؓ As for the statements of the Imams of the Successors in this section, they are very numerous, and mentioning them would be lengthy. Among them is the saying of Abū Muslim al-Khawlānī when he saw the delegation that came from his killing: "Did you not pass by the lands of Thamūd?" They said: "Yes." He said: "I bear witness that you are like them. The caliph of God is more honored by Him than His she-camel." From al-Ḥasan, who said: "If the killing of ʿUthmān had been guidance, the ummah would have milked from it milk; but it was misguidance, so the ummah milked from it blood." Abū Jaʿfar al-Bāqir said: "The killing of ʿUthmān was not upon the way of truth."

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