Tarikh (al-Tabari) 200
The story of Moses the one who spoke with Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)
ثُمَّ إِنَّ فِرْعَوْنَ رَكِبَ مَرْكِبًا وَلَيْسَ عِنْدَهُ مُوسَى فَلَمَّا جَاءَ مُوسَى قِيلَ لَهُ: فِرْعَوْنُ قَدْ رَكِبَ، فَرَكِبَ مُوسَى فِي أَثَرِهِ فَأَدْرَكَهُ الْمَقِيلُ بِأَرْضٍ يُقَالُ لَهَا مَنْفُ - وَهَذِهِ مَنْفُ ( بِفَتْحِ الْمِيمِ وَسُكُونِ النُّونِ ) - مِصْرُ الْقَدِيمَةُ الَّتِي هِيَ مِصْرُ يُوسُفَ الصِّدِّيقِ، وَهِيَ الْآنُ قَرْيَةٌ كَبِيرَةٌ، فدخلها وَقَدْ أَغْلَقَتْ أَسْوَاقَهَا، قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَدَخَلَ الْمَدِينَةَ عَلَى حِينِ غَفْلَةٍ مِنْ أَهْلِهَا قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ، وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ، وَعِكْرِمَةُ، وَقَتَادَةُ، وَالسُّدِّيُّ: وَذَلِكَ نِصْفَ النَّهَارِ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ: بَيْنَ الْعِشَائَيْنِ فَوَجَدَ فِيهَا رَجُلَيْنِ يَقْتَتِلَانِ أَيْ ; يَتَضَارَبَانِ وَيَتَهَاوَشَانِ هَذَا مِنْ شِيعَتِهِ أَيْ ; إِسْرَائِيلِيٌّ وَهَذَا مِنْ عَدُوِّهِ أَيْ ; قِبْطِيٌّ. قَالَهُ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ، وَقَتَادَةُ، وَالسُّدِّيُّ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ فَاسْتَغَاثَهُ الَّذِي مِنْ شِيعَتِهِ عَلَى الَّذِي مِنْ عَدُوِّهِ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ مُوسَى، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، كَانَتْ لَهُ بِدِيَارِ مِصْرَ صَوْلَةٌ ; بِسَبَبِ نِسْبَتِهِ إِلَى تَبَنِّي فِرْعَوْنَ لَهُ وَتَرْبِيَتِهِ فِي بَيْتِهِ، وَكَانَتْ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ قَدْ عَزُّوَا وَصَارَتْ لَهُمْ وَجَاهَةٌ، وَارْتَفَعَتْ رُءُوسُهُمْ بِسَبَبِ أَنَّهُمْ أَرْضَعُوهُ، وَهُمْ أَخْوَالُهُ، أَيْ مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ، فَلَمَّا اسْتَغَاثَ ذَلِكَ الْإِسْرَائِيلِيُّ مُوسَى، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، عَلَى ذَلِكَ الْقِبْطِيِّ، أَقْبَلَ إِلَيْهِ مُوسَى فَوَكَزَهُ قَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: أَيْ طَعْنَهُ بِجُمْعِ كَفِّهِ. وَقَالَ قَتَادَةُ: بِعَصًا كَانَتْ مَعَهُ فَقَضَى عَلَيْهِ أَيْ ; فَمَاتَ مِنْهَا. وَقَدْ كَانَ ذَلِكَ الْقِبْطِيُّ كَافِرًا مُشْرِكًا بِاللَّهِ الْعَظِيمِ، وَلَمْ يُرِدْ مُوسَى قَتْلَهُ بِالْكُلِّيَّةِ، وَإِنَّمَا أَرَادَ زَجْرَهُ وَرَدْعَهُ، وَمَعَ هَذَا قَالَ مُوسَى هَذَا مِنْ عَمَلِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِنَّهُ عَدُوٌّ مُضِلٌّ مُبِينٌ قَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّي ظَلَمْتُ نَفْسِي فَاغْفِرْ لِي فَغَفَرَ لَهُ إِنَّهُ هُوَ الْغَفُورُ الرَّحِيمُ أَوْحَى اللَّهُ تَعَالَى إِلَى مُوسَى: وَعِزَّتِي لَوْ أَنَّ النَّفْسَ الَّتِي قَتَلْتَ أَقَرَّتْ لِي سَاعَةً وَاحِدَةً أَنِّي خَالِقٌ رَازِقٌ لَأَذَقْتُكَ الْعَذَابَ. قَالَ رَبِّ بِمَا أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيَّ أَيْ، مِنَ الْعِزِّ وَالْجَاهِ فَلَنْ أَكُونَ ظَهِيرًا لِلْمُجْرِمِينَ. فَأَصْبَحَ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ خَائِفًا يَتَرَقَّبُ فَإِذَا الَّذِي اسْتَنْصَرَهُ بِالْأَمْسِ يَسْتَصْرِخُهُ قَالَ لَهُ مُوسَى إِنَّكَ لَغَوِيٌّ مُبِينٌ فَلَمَّا أَنْ أَرَادَ أَنْ يَبْطِشَ بِالَّذِي هُوَ عَدُوٌّ لَهُمَا قَالَ يَا مُوسَى أَتُرِيدُ أَنْ تَقْتُلَنِي كَمَا قَتَلْتَ نَفْسًا بِالْأَمْسِ إِنْ تُرِيدُ إِلَّا أَنْ تَكُونَ جَبَّارًا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَمَا تُرِيدُ أَنْ تَكُونَ مِنَ الْمُصْلِحِينَ وَجَاءَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَقْصَى الْمَدِينَةِ يَسْعَى قَالَ يَا مُوسَى إِنَّ الْمَلَأَ يَأْتَمِرُونَ بِكَ لِيَقْتُلُوكَ فَاخْرُجْ إِنِّي لَكَ مِنَ النَّاصِحِينَ قِيلَ: كَانَ حِزْقِيلَ مُؤْمِنَ آلِ فِرْعَوْنَ، كَانَ عَلَى بَقِيَّةٍ مِنْ دِينِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ - عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ - وَكَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ آمَنَ بِمُوسَى. فَلَمَّا أَخْبَرَهُ خَرَجَ مِنْ بَيْنِهِمْ خوف موسى وخروجه من مصر فَخَرَجَ مِنْهَا خَائِفًا يَتَرَقَّبُ قَالَ رَبِّ نَجِّنِي مِنَ الْقَوْمِ الظَّالِمِينَ [ الْقَصَصِ 18 - 21 ]. يُخْبِرُ تَعَالَى أَنَّ مُوسَى أَصْبَحَ بِمَدِينَةِ مِصْرَ خَائِفًا أَيْ مِنْ فِرْعَوْنَ وَمَلَئِهِ، أَنْ يَعْلَمُوا أَنَّ هَذَا الْقَتِيلَ الَّذِي رُفِعَ إِلَيْهِ أَمْرُهُ إِنَّمَا قَتَلَهُ مُوسَى فِي نُصْرَةِ رَجُلٍ مِنْ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، فَتَقْوَى ظُنُونُهُمْ أَنَّ مُوسَى مِنْهُمْ وَيَتَرَتَّبُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ أَمْرٌ عَظِيمٌ، فَصَارَ يَسِيرُ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ فِي صَبِيحَةِ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمِ خَائِفًا يَتَرَقَّبُ أَيْ ; يَتَلَفَّتُ. فَبَيْنَمَا هُوَ كَذَلِكَ، إِذَا ذَلِكَ الرَّجُلُ الْإِسْرَائِيلِيُّ الَّذِي اسْتَنْصَرَهُ بِالْأَمْسِ يَسْتَصْرِخُهُ أَيْ ; يَصْرُخُ بِهِ، وَيَسْتَغِيثُهُ عَلَى آخَرَ قَدْ قَاتَلَهُ، فَعَنَّفَهُ مُوسَى وَلَامَهُ عَلَى كَثْرَةِ شَرِّهِ، وَمُخَاصَمَتِهِ، قَالَ لَهُ إِنَّكَ لَغَوِيٌّ مُبِينٌ ثُمَّ أَرَادَ أَنْ يَبْطِشَ بِذَلِكَ الْقِبْطِيِّ، الَّذِي هُوَ عَدُوٌّ لِمُوسَى وَلِلْإِسْرَائِيلِيِّ، فَيَرْدَعُهُ عَنْهُ وَيُخَلِّصُهُ مِنْهُ، فَلَمَّا عَزَمَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ وَأَقْبَلَ عَلَى الْقِبْطِيِّ قَالَ يَا مُوسَى أَتُرِيدُ أَنْ تَقْتُلَنِي كَمَا قَتَلْتَ نَفْسًا بِالْأَمْسِ إِنْ تُرِيدُ إِلَّا أَنْ تَكُونَ جَبَّارًا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَمَا تُرِيدُ أَنْ تَكُونَ مِنَ الْمُصْلِحِينَ [ الْقَصَصِ: 19 ]. قَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: إِنَّمَا قَالَ هَذَا الْكَلَامَ الْإِسْرَائِيلِيُّ الَّذِي اطَّلَعَ عَلَى مَا كَانَ صَنَعَ مُوسَى بِالْأَمْسِ، وَكَأَنَّهُ لَمَّا رَأَى مُوسَى مُقْبِلًا إِلَى الْقِبْطِيِّ، اعْتَقَدَ أَنَّهُ جَاءَ إِلَيْهِ لَمَّا عَنَّفَهُ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ بِقَوْلِهِ إِنَّكَ لَغَوِيٌّ مُبِينٌ فَقَالَ مَا قَالَ لِمُوسَى، وَأَظْهَرَ الْأَمْرَ الَّذِي كَانَ وَقَعَ بِالْأَمْسِ، فَذَهَبَ الْقِبْطِيُّ فَاسْتَعْدَى فِرْعَوْنَ عَلَى مُوسَى. وَهَذَا الَّذِي لَمْ يَذْكُرْهُ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ سِوَاهُ. وَيُحْتَمَلُ أَنَّ قَائِلَ هَذَا هُوَ الْقِبْطِيُّ، وَأَنَّهُ لَمَّا رَآهُ مُقْبِلًا إِلَيْهِ خَافَهُ ; وَرَأَى مِنْ سَجِيَّتِهِ انْتِصَارًا جَيِّدًا لِلْإِسْرَائِيلِيِّ، فَقَالَ مَا قَالَ مِنْ بَابِ الظَّنِّ وَالْفِرَاسَةِ، أَنَّ هَذَا لَعَلَّهُ قَاتِلُ ذَاكَ الْقَتِيلِ بِالْأَمْسِ، أَوْ لَعَلَّهُ فَهِمَ مِنْ كَلَامِ الْإِسْرَائِيلِيِّ، حِينَ اسْتَصْرَخَهُ عَلَيْهِ، مَا دَلَّهُ عَلَى هَذَا. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَالْمَقْصُودُ أَنَّ فِرْعَوْنَ بَلَغَهُ أَنَّ مُوسَى هُوَ قَاتِلُ ذَلِكَ الْمَقْتُولِ بِالْأَمْسِ، فَأَرْسَلَ فِي طَلَبِهِ، وَسَبَقَهُمْ رَجُلٌ نَاصِحٌ مِنْ طَرِيقٍ أَقْرَبَ إِلَيْهِ، وَجَاءَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَقْصَى الْمَدِينَةِ يَسْعَى سَاعِيًا إِلَيْهِ مُشْفِقًا عَلَيْهِ فَقَالَ: يَامُوسَى إِنَّ الْمَلَأَ يَأْتَمِرُونَ بِكَ لِيَقْتُلُوكَ فَاخْرُجْ أَيْ ; مِنْ هَذِهِ الْبَلْدَةِ إِنِّي لَكَ مِنَ النَّاصِحِينَ أَيْ ; فِيمَا أَقُولُهُ لَكَ. قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: فَخَرَجَ مِنْهَا خَائِفًا يَتَرَقَّبُ أَيْ ; فَخَرَجَ مِنْ مَدِينَةِ مِصْرَ مِنْ فَوْرِهِ، عَلَى وَجْهِهِ، لَا يَهْتَدِي إِلَى طَرِيقٍ وَلَا يَعْرِفُهُ، قَائِلًا: رَبِّ نَجِّنِي مِنَ الْقَوْمِ الظَّالِمِينَ. وَأَخَذَ فِي ثَنَيَاتِ الطَّرِيقِ، فَجَاءَهُ مَلَكٌ عَلَى فَرَسٍ وَفِي يَدِهِ عَنَزَةٌ، وَهِيَ الْحَرْبَةُ الصَّغِيرَةُ، فَلَمَّا رَآهُ مُوسَى سَجَدَ لَهُ مِنَ الْفَرَقِ. فَقَالَ لَهُ: لَا تَسْجُدْ لِي وَلَكِنِ اتَّبِعْنِي، فَهَدَاهُ نَحْوَ مَدْيَنَ. وَقَالَ مُوسَى وَهُوَ مُتَوَجِّهٌ إِلَيْهَا: عَسَى رَبِّي أَنْ يَهْدِيَنِي سَوَاءَ السَّبِيلِ. فَانْطَلَقَ بِهِ الْمَلَكُ حَتَّى انْتَهَى بِهِ إِلَى مَدْيَنَ، قَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ: خَرَجَ إِلَى مَدْيَنَ وَبَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَهَا مَسِيرَةُ ثَمَانٍ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ طَعَامٌ إِلَّا وَرَقُ الشَّجَرِ فَخَرَجَ حَافِيًا.
Translation
✧ Then Pharaoh rode a vessel while Moses was not with him. When Moses came, it was said to him: Pharaoh has ridden. So Moses rode in his wake, and the midday rest overtook him in a land called Memphis—this is Memphis (with fathah on the mīm and sukūn on the nūn)—the ancient Egypt, which is the Egypt of Joseph the Veracious, and it is now a large village. He entered it after its markets had closed. Allah, Exalted is He, said: And he entered the city at a time of heedlessness on the part of its people. Ibn ʿAbbās, Saʿīd b. Jubayr, ʿIkrimah, Qatādah, and al-Suddī said: That was mid-day. In a narration from Ibn ʿAbbās: between the two evenings. He found in it two men fighting, that is, striking each other and quarrelling—this one was of his party, that is, an Israelite, and this one of his enemy, that is, a Copt. This was said by Ibn ʿAbbās, Qatādah, al-Suddī, and Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. The one of his party called upon him for help against the one of his enemy. That was because Moses ﷺ had authority in the land of Egypt, due to his relation to Pharaoh's adoption of him and his upbringing in his house. The Children of Israel had become mighty, gained status, and their heads were raised because they had suckled him, and they were his maternal uncles, that is, through suckling. When that Israelite sought Moses' help ﷺ against that Copt, Moses approached him and struck him. Mujāhid said: meaning, he stabbed him with the base of his palm. Qatādah said: with a staff that was with him. Thus he settled him, that is, he died from it. That Copt was an unbeliever, a polytheist in Allah the Mighty, and Moses did not intend his killing entirely; he only intended to rebuke and deter him. Nevertheless, Moses said: This is of Satan's doing; indeed, he is a manifest, misleading enemy. He said: My Lord, I have wronged myself, so forgive me; and He forgave him. Indeed, He is the Forgiving, the Merciful. Allah, Exalted is He, revealed to Moses: By My might, if the soul you killed had acknowledged Me for a single hour as Creator and Provider, I would have made you taste punishment. He said: My Lord, by what You have bestowed upon me, that is, of honor and standing, never will I be a supporter of the criminals. Then he became in the city fearful, vigilant, and behold, the one who had sought his help the day before cried out to him for aid. Moses said to him: You are clearly a misguided man. When he was about to seize the one who was an enemy to them both, he said: O Moses, do you intend to kill me as you killed a soul yesterday? You only want to be a tyrant in the land and do not want to be of the reformers. And a man came from the farthest end of the city, hastening, and said: O Moses, the chiefs are conspiring against you to kill you, so leave; I am indeed a sincere adviser to you. It is said: He was Ezekiel, the believer of the house of Pharaoh, upon a remnant of the religion of Abraham ﷺ, and he was the first to believe in Moses. When he informed him, Moses left from among them, fearful and vigilant, saying: My Lord, save me from the wrongdoing people. [al-Qasas 18–21]. He, Exalted, informs that Moses awoke in the city of Egypt fearful, that is, of Pharaoh and his council, lest they learn that the slain man whose case was brought to him was killed by Moses only in support of a man of the Children of Israel, so their suspicions would strengthen that Moses was of them, and a great matter would ensue. Thus he went about the city on that morning fearful and vigilant, that is, glancing about. While he was thus, behold, that Israelite man who had sought his help the day before cried out to him for aid, that is, shouted to him and sought his help against another who had fought him. Moses rebuked and blamed him for the abundance of his evil and quarrelsomeness, saying to him: You are clearly a misguided man. Then he intended to seize that Copt, who was an enemy to Moses and the Israelite, to deter him from him and deliver him from him. When he resolved upon that and approached the Copt, he said: O Moses, do you intend to kill me as you killed a soul yesterday? You only want to be a tyrant in the land and do not want to be of the reformers. [al-Qasas 19]. Some said: Only the Israelite who knew what Moses had done the day before said this speech, and it was as though, when he saw Moses approaching the Copt, he believed he was coming to him because he had rebuked him earlier with his saying: You are clearly a misguided man. So he said what he said to Moses, and he revealed the matter that had occurred the day before. The Copt went and informed Pharaoh against Moses. This is what many people besides him did not mention. It is also possible that the speaker of this was the Copt, and that when he saw him approaching him, he feared him, and seeing from his disposition a good defense of the Israelite, he said what he said by way of suspicion and discernment, that this was perhaps the killer of that slain man yesterday, or perhaps he understood from the Israelite's speech when he sought his help against him, which indicated this to him. Allah knows best. The point is that it reached Pharaoh that Moses was the killer of that slain man yesterday, so he sent in search of him. A sincere man preceded them by a nearer route: And a man came from the farthest end of the city, hastening, coming quickly to him, anxious for him, and said: O Moses, the chiefs are conspiring against you to kill you, so leave, that is, from this town. I am indeed a sincere adviser to you, that is, in what I say to you. Allah, Exalted is He, said: So he left from it, fearful and vigilant, that is, he left the city of Egypt immediately, on his face, not guided to any path nor knowing it, saying: My Lord, save me from the wrongdoing people. He took to the byways of the road. An angel came to him upon a horse, in his hand a spear, which is the short lance. When Moses saw him, he prostrated to him out of terror. He said to him: Do not prostrate to me, but follow me. So he guided him toward Midian. Moses said, while heading toward it: Perhaps my Lord will guide me to the right way. The angel departed with him until he brought him to Midian. Saʿīd b. Jubayr said: He went out to Midian, and between him and it was a journey of eight days, and he had no food but the leaves of trees, and he went out barefoot.
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