Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1800
The caliphate of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ᴿᴬ
حَدِيثُ السَّقِيفَةِ وَخِلَافَةُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ - ؓ وَأَرْضَاهُ - لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ اجْتَمَعَ الْأَنْصَارُ فِي سَقِيفَةِ بَنِي سَاعِدَةَ لِيُبَايِعُوا سَعْدَ بْنَ عُبَادَةَ، فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ أَبَا بَكْرٍ، فَأَتَاهُمْ وَمَعَهُ عُمَرُ وَأَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ بْنُ الْجَرَّاحِ، فَقَالَ: مَا هَذَا ؟ فَقَالُوا: مِنَّا أَمِيرٌ، وَمِنْكُمْ أَمِيرٌ. فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: مِنَّا الْأُمَرَاءُ، وَمِنْكُمُ الْوُزَرَاءُ. ثُمَّ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: قَدْ رَضِيتُ لَكُمْ أَحَدَ هَذَيْنِ الرَّجُلَيْنِ عُمَرَ وَأَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ أَمِينُ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ. فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: أَيُّكُمْ يَطِيبُ نَفْسًا أَنْ يَخْلُفَ قَدَمَيْنِ قَدَّمَهُمَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ ؟ فَبَايَعَهُ عُمَرُ وَبَايَعَهُ النَّاسُ...وَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: كُنْتُ أُقْرِئُ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ عَوْفٍ الْقُرْآنَ، فَحَجَّ عُمَرُ وَحَجَجْنَا مَعَهُ، فَقَالَ لِي عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ: شَهِدْتُ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ الْيَوْمَ بِمِنًى، وَقَالَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ: سَمِعْتُ فُلَانًا يَقُولُ: لَوْ مَاتَ عُمَرُ لَبَايَعْتُ فُلَانًا، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: إِنِّي لَقَائِمٌ الْعَشِيَّةَ فِي النَّاسِ أُحَذِّرُهُمْ هَؤُلَاءِ الرَّهْطَ الَّذِينَ يُرِيدُونَ أَنْ يَغْتَصِبُوا النَّاسَ أَمْرَهُمْ. قَالَ: فَقُلْتُ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، إِنَّ الْمَوْسِمَ يَجْمَعُ رِعَاعَ النَّاسِ وَغَوْغَاءَهُمْ، وَهُمُ الَّذِينَ يَغْلِبُونَ عَلَى مَجْلِسِكَ، وَأَخَافُ أَنْ تَقُولَ مَقَالَةً لَا يَعُوهَا وَلَا يَحْفَظُوهَا وَيَطَّيَّرُوا بِهَا، وَلَكِنْ أَمْهِلْ حَتَّى تَقْدَمَ الْمَدِينَةِ، وَتَخْلُصَ بِأَصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَتَقُولَ مَا قُلْتَ، فَيَعُوا مَقَالَتَكَ. فَقَالَ: وَاللَّهِ لَأَقُومَنَّ بِهَا أَوَّلَ مَقَامٍ أَقُومُهُ بِالْمَدِينَةِ. قَالَ: فَلَمَّا قَدِمْتُ الْمَدِينَةَ هَجَرْتُ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ لِحَدِيثِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، فَلَمَّا جَلَسَ عُمَرُ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ حَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ بَعْدَ أَنْ ذَكَرَ الرَّجْمَ وَمَا نُسِخَ مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ فِيهِ: إِنَّهُ بَلَغَنِي أَنَّ قَائِلًا مِنْكُمْ يَقُولُ: لَوْ مَاتَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ بَايَعْتُ فُلَانًا، فَلَا يَغُرَّنَّ امْرَأً أَنْ يَقُولَ: إِنَّ بَيْعَةَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ كَانَتْ فِتْنَةً، فَقَدْ كَانَتْ كَذَلِكَ وَلَكِنَّ اللَّهَ وَقَى شَرَّهَا، وَلَيْسَ مِنْكُمْ مَنْ تُقْطَعُ إِلَيْهِ الْأَعْنَاقُ مِثْلُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَإِنَّهُ كَانَ خَيْرَنَا حِينَ تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَإِنَّ عَلِيًّا وَالزُّبَيْرَ وَمَنْ مَعَهُمَا تَخَلَّفُوا عَنَّا فِي بَيْتِ فَاطِمَةَ، وَتَخَلَّفَ عَنَّا الْأَنْصَارُ، وَاجْتَمَعَ الْمُهَاجِرُونَ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَقُلْتُ لَهُ: انْطَلِقْ بِنَا إِلَى إِخْوَانِنَا مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ، فَانْطَلَقْنَا نَحْوَهُمْ، فَلَقِيَنَا رَجُلَانِ صَالِحَانِ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ، أَحَدُهُمَا عُوَيْمُ بْنُ سَاعِدَةَ، وَالثَّانِي مَعْنُ بْنُ عَدِيٍّ، فَقَالَا لَنَا: ارْجِعُوا اقْضُوا أَمْرَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ. قَالَ: فَأَتَيْنَا الْأَنْصَارَ وَهُمْ مُجْتَمِعُونَ فِي سَقِيفَةِ بَنِي سَاعِدَةَ وَبَيْنَ أَظْهُرِهُمْ رَجُلٌ مُزَمَّلٌ، قُلْتُ: مَنْ هَذَا ؟ قَالُوا: سَعْدُ بْنُ عُبَادَةَ وَجِعٌ، فَقَامَ رَجُلٌ مِنْهُمْ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ، وَقَالَ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَنَحْنُ الْأَنْصَارُ، وَكَتِيبَةُ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَأَنْتُمْ يَا مَعْشَرَ قُرَيْشٍ رَهْطٌ بَيْنَنَا، وَقَدْ دَفَّتْ إِلَيْنَا دَافَّةٌ مِنْ قَوْمِكُمْ، فَإِذَا هُمْ يُرِيدُونَ أَنْ يَغْصِبُونَا الْأَمْرَ. فَلَمَّا سَكَتَ وَكُنْتُ قَدْ زَوَّرْتُ فِي نَفْسِي مَقَالَةً أَقُولُهَا بَيْنَ يَدَيْ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَلَمَّا أَرَدْتُ أَنْ أَتَكَلَّمَ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: عَلَى رِسْلِكَ ! فَقَامَ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ، وَمَا تَرَكَ شَيْئًا كُنْتُ زَوَّرْتُ فِي نَفْسِي إِلَّا جَاءَ بِهِ أَوْ بِأَحْسَنَ مِنْهُ، وَقَالَ: يَا مَعْشَرَ الْأَنْصَارِ، إِنَّكُمْ لَا تَذْكُرُونَ فَضْلًا إِلَّا وَأَنْتُمْ لَهُ أَهْلٌ، وَإِنَّ الْعَرَبَ لَا تَعْرِفُ هَذَا الْأَمْرَ إِلَّا لِقُرَيْشٍ، هُمْ أَوْسَطُ الْعَرَبِ دَارًا وَنَسَبًا، وَقَدْ رَضِيتُ لَكُمْ أَحَدَ هَذَيْنِ الرَّجُلَيْنِ. وَأَخَذَ بِيَدِي وَبِيَدِ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ بْنِ الْجَرَّاحِ، وَإِنِّي وَاللَّهِ مَا كَرِهْتُ مِنْ كَلَامِهِ كَلِمَةً غَيْرَهَا، إِنْ كُنْتُ أُقَدَّمُ فَتُضْرَبُ عُنُقِي فِيمَا لَا يُقَرِّبُنِي إِلَى إِثْمٍ، أَحَبَّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ أُؤَمَّرَ عَلَى قَوْمٍ فِيهِمْ أَبُو بَكْرٍ. فَلَمَّا قَضَى أَبُو بَكْرٍ كَلَامَهُ قَامَ مِنْهُمْ رَجُلٌ فَقَالَ: أَنَا جُذَيْلُهَا الْمُحَكَّكُ، وَعُذَيْقُهَا الْمُرَجَّبُ، مِنَّا أَمِيرٌ وَمِنْكُمْ أَمِيرٌ. وَارْتَفَعَتِ الْأَصْوَاتُ وَاللَّغَطُ، فَلَمَّا خِفْتُ الِاخْتِلَافَ قُلْتُ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ: ابْسُطْ يَدَكَ أُبَايِعْكَ، فَبَسَطَ يَدَهُ فَبَايَعْتُهُ وَبَايَعَهُ النَّاسُ، ثُمَّ نَزَوْنَا عَلَى سَعْدِ بْنِ عُبَادَةَ، فَقَالَ قَائِلُهُمْ: قَتَلْتُمْ سَعْدًا. فَقُلْتُ: قَتَلَ اللَّهُ سَعْدًا. وَإِنَّا وَاللَّهِ مَا وَجَدْنَا أَمْرًا هُوَ أَقْوَى مِنْ بَيْعَةِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، خَشِيتُ إِنْ فَارَقْتُ الْقَوْمَ وَلَمْ تَكُنْ بَيْعَةٌ أَنْ يُحْدِثُوا بَعْدَنَا بَيْعَةً، فَإِمَّا أَنْ نُتَابِعَهُمْ عَلَى مَا لَا نَرْضَى بِهِ، وَإِمَّا أَنْ نُخَالِفَهُمْ فَيَكُونُ فَسَادًا. البيعة العامة وخطبة عمر وأبي بكر قَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ يَسَارٍ: حَدَّثَنِي الزُّهْرِيُّ، حَدَّثَنِي أَنَسُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ قَالَ: لَمَّا بُويِعَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ فِي السَّقِيفَةِ وَكَانَ الْغَدُ، جَلَسَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ، فَقَامَ عُمَرُ فَتَكَلَّمَ قَبْلَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ بِمَا هُوَ أَهْلُهُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، إِنِّي قَدْ قُلْتُ لَكُمْ بِالْأَمْسِ مَقَالَةً مَا كَانَتْ مِمَّا وَجَدْتُهَا فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ، وَلَا كَانَتْ عَهْدًا عَهِدَهُ إِلَيَّ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَلَكِنِّي قَدْ كُنْتُ أَرَى أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ سَيُدَبِّرُ أَمْرَنَا - يَقُولُ: يَكُونُ آخِرَنَا - وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ أَبْقَى فِيكُمْ كِتَابَهُ الَّذِي بِهِ هَدَى رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَإِنِ اعْتَصَمْتُمْ بِهِ هَدَاكُمُ اللَّهُ لِمَا كَانَ هَدَاهُ لَهُ، وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ جَمَعَ أَمْرَكُمْ عَلَى خَيْرِكُمْ ; صَاحِبِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَثَانِيَ اثْنَيْنِ إِذْ هُمَا فِي الْغَارِ، فَقُومُوا فَبَايِعُوهُ. فَبَايَعَ النَّاسُ أَبَا بَكْرٍ بَيْعَةَ الْعَامَّةِ بَعْدَ بَيْعَةِ السَّقِيفَةِ، ثُمَّ تَكَلَّمَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ بِالَّذِي هُوَ أَهْلُهُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ، أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، فَإِنِّي قَدْ وُلِّيتُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَلَسْتُ بِخَيْرِكُمْ، فَإِنْ أَحْسَنْتُ فَأَعِينُونِي، وَإِنْ أَسَأْتُ فَقَوِّمُونِي، الصِّدْقُ أَمَانَةٌ، وَالْكَذِبُ خِيَانَةٌ، وَالضَّعِيفُ فِيكُمْ قَوِيٌّ عِنْدِي حَتَّى أُرِيحَ عَلَيْهِ حَقَّهُ، إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ، وَالْقَوِيُّ فِيكُمْ ضَعِيفٌ حَتَّى آخُذَ الْحَقَّ مِنْهُ، إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ، لَا يَدْعُ قَوْمٌ الْجِهَادَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ إِلَّا ضَرَبَهُمُ اللَّهُ بِالذُّلِّ، وَلَا تَشِيعُ الْفَاحِشَةُ فِي قَوْمٍ إِلَّا عَمَّهُمُ اللَّهُ بِالْبَلَاءِ، أَطِيعُونِي مَا أَطَعْتُ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ، فَإِذَا عَصَيْتُ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ، فَلَا طَاعَةَ لِي عَلَيْكُمْ، قُومُوا إِلَى صَلَاتِكُمْ يَرْحَمْكُمُ اللَّهُ. وَهَذَا إِسْنَادٌ صَحِيحٌ. وَقَدِ اتَّفَقَ الصَّحَابَةُ، ؓ، عَلَى بَيْعَةِ الصِّدِّيقِ فِي ذَلِكَ الْوَقْتِ، حَتَّى عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ وَالزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ الْعَوَّامِ، ؓ وَأَرْضَاهُمَا، وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ قَالَ: قُبِضَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَاجْتَمَعَ النَّاسُ فِي دَارِ سَعْدِ بْنِ عُبَادَةَ، وَفِيهِمْ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ. قَالَ: فَقَامَ خَطِيبُ الْأَنْصَارِ فَقَالَ: أَتَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَانَ مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ، وَخَلِيفَتَهُ مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ، وَنَحْنُ كُنَّا أَنْصَارَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَنَحْنُ أَنْصَارُ خَلِيفَتِهِ، كَمَا كُنَّا أَنْصَارَهُ. قَالَ: فَقَامَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ فَقَالَ: صَدَقَ قَائِلُكُمْ، وَلَوْ قُلْتُمْ غَيْرَ هَذَا لَمْ نُتَابِعْكُمْ. فَأَخَذَ بِيَدِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَقَالَ: هَذَا صَاحِبُكُمْ فَبَايِعُوهُ. فَبَايَعَهُ عُمَرُ، وَبَايَعَهُ الْمُهَاجِرُونَ وَالْأَنْصَارُ، قَالَ: فَصَعِدَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْمِنْبَرَ، فَنَظَرَ فِي وُجُوهِ الْقَوْمِ، فَلَمْ يَرَ الزُّبَيْرَ. قَالَ: فَدَعَا بِالزُّبَيْرِ فَجَاءَ، قَالَ: قُلْتُ: ابْنُ عَمَّةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَحِوَارِيُّهُ، أَرَدْتَ أَنْ تَشُقَّ عَصَا الْمُسْلِمِينَ ؟ ! قَالَ: لَا تَثْرِيبَ يَا خَلِيفَةَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ. فَقَامَ فَبَايَعَهُ، ثُمَّ نَظَرَ فِي وُجُوهِ الْقَوْمِ فَلَمْ يَرِ عَلِيًّا، فَدَعَا بِعَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، فَجَاءَ فَقَالَ: قُلْتَ: ابْنُ عَمِّ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَخَتَنُهُ عَلَى ابْنَتِهِ، أَرَدْتَ أَنْ تَشُقَّ عَصَا الْمُسْلِمِينَ ؟ ! قَالَ: لَا تَثْرِيبَ يَا خَلِيفَةَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ. فَبَايَعَهُ. هَذَا أَوْ مَعْنَاهُ. قَالَ الْحَافِظُ أَبُو عَلِيٍّ النَّيْسَابُورِيُّ: سَمِعْتُ ابْنَ خُزَيْمَةَ يَقُولُ: جَاءَنِي مُسْلِمُ بْنُ الْحَجَّاجِ، فَسَأَلَنِي عَنْ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ، فَكَتَبْتُهُ لَهُ فِي رُقْعَةٍ وَقَرَأْتُ عَلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ: هَذَا حَدِيثٌ يُسَاوِي بَدَنَةً. فَقُلْتُ: يَسْوَى بَدَنَةً ؟ ! بَلْ هَذَا يَسْوَى بَدْرَةً. وَعَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبِي، أَنَّ أَبَاهُ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ عَوْفٍ كَانَ مَعَ عُمَرَ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ مَسْلَمَةَ كَسَرَ سَيْفَ الزُّبَيْرِ، ثُمَّ خَطَبَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ، وَاعْتَذَرَ إِلَى النَّاسِ، وَقَالَ: وَاللَّهِ مَا كُنْتُ حَرِيصًا عَلَى الْإِمَارَةِ يَوْمًا وَلَا لَيْلَةً، وَلَا سَأَلْتُهَا اللَّهَ فِي سِرٍّ وَلَا عَلَانِيَةٍ. فَقَبِلَ الْمُهَاجِرُونَ مَقَالَتَهُ، وَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ وَالزُّبَيْرُ: مَا غَضِبْنَا إِلَّا لِأَنَّنَا أُخِّرْنَا عَنِ الْمَشُورَةِ، وَإِنَّا نَرَى أَبَا بَكْرٍ أَحَقَّ النَّاسِ بِهَا بَعْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، إِنَّهُ لَصَاحِبُ الْغَارِ، وَإِنَّا لَنَعَرِفُ شَرَفَهُ وَخَيْرَهُ، وَلَقَدْ أَمَرَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِالصَّلَاةِ بِالنَّاسِ وَهُوَ حَيٌّ، وَهَذَا اللَّائِقُ بَعَلِيٍّ، ؓ، وَالَّذِي تَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ الْآثَارُ ; مِنْ شُهُودِهِ مَعَهُ الصَّلَوَاتِ، وَخُرُوجِهِ مَعَهُ إِلَى ذِي الْقَصَّةِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَبَذْلِهِ لَهُ النَّصِيحَةَ وَالْمَشُورَةَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ، وَأَمَّا مَا يَأْتِي مِنْ مُبَايَعَتِهِ إِيَّاهُ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ فَاطِمَةَ - وَقَدْ مَاتَتْ بَعْدَ أَبِيهَا، عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ، بِسِتَّةِ أَشْهُرٍ - فَذَلِكَ مَحْمُولٌ عَلَى أَنَّهَا بَيْعَةٌ ثَانِيَةٌ أَزَالَتْ مَا كَانَ قَدْ وَقَعَ مِنْ وَحْشَةٍ بِسَبَبِ الْكَلَامِ فِي الْمِيرَاثِ، وَمَنْعِهِ إِيَّاهُمْ ذَلِكَ بِالنَّصِّ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي قَوْلِهِ: " لَا نُورَثُ، مَا تَرَكَنَا فَهُوَ صَدَقَةٌ ".
Translation
✧ The Ḥadīth of the Saqīfah and the Caliphate of Abū Bakr — ؓ and grant him contentment — When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ died, the Anṣār gathered in the Saqīfah of Banū Sāʿidah to pledge allegiance to Saʿd b. ʿUbādah. This reached Abū Bakr, so he came to them with ʿUmar and Abū ʿUbaydah b. al-Jarrāḥ. He said: "What is this?" They said: "From us an amīr, and from you an amīr." Abū Bakr said: "From us are the commanders, and from you are the ministers." Then Abū Bakr said: "I am pleased for you with one of these two men: ʿUmar and Abū ʿUbaydah, the trustee of this ummah." ʿUmar said: "Which of you would willingly succeed two feet that the Prophet ﷺ placed forward?" So ʿUmar pledged allegiance to him, and the people pledged allegiance to him... Ibn ʿAbbās said: I was teaching ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf the Qurʾān. ʿUmar performed the Ḥajj and we performed it with him. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān said to me: "I witnessed the Commander of the Believers today at Minā. A man said to him: 'I heard so-and-so say: If ʿUmar died, I would pledge allegiance to so-and-so.' ʿUmar said: 'I will stand before the people this evening and warn them against that group who want to usurp the people's affair.'" He said: So I said: "O Commander of the Believers, the pilgrimage season gathers the rabble and mob of the people, and they are the ones who dominate your gathering. I fear that you will say something they will not understand, will not preserve, and will take as an evil omen. But wait until you reach Madinah, where you will be alone with the Companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, so say what you have to say, and they will understand your words." He said: "By Allah, I will certainly stand with it in the first place I stand in Madinah." He said: When I arrived in Madinah, I went early on Friday to hear ʿAbd al-Raḥmān's report. When ʿUmar sat on the pulpit, he praised Allah and extolled Him, then after mentioning stoning and what had been abrogated from the Qurʾān regarding it, he said: "It has reached me that a speaker among you says: 'If the Commander of the Believers died, I would pledge allegiance to so-and-so.' Let no man be deceived by saying that the allegiance to Abū Bakr was a sudden affair (fitnah). It was indeed so, but Allah protected against its evil. There is none among you to whom necks are stretched like Abū Bakr. He was the best of us when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ died. ʿAlī, al-Zubayr, and those with them stayed behind from us in the house of Fāṭimah, and the Anṣār stayed behind from us, while the Muhājirūn gathered around Abū Bakr. I said to him: 'Come with us to our brothers from the Anṣār.' So we went towards them. Two righteous men from the Anṣār met us: one of them was ʿUwaym b. Sāʿidah, and the second was Maʿn b. ʿAdī. They said to us: 'Go back, settle your affair among yourselves.'" He said: So we came to the Anṣār while they were gathered in the Saqīfah of Banū Sāʿidah, and among them was a man wrapped up. I said: "Who is this?" They said: "Saʿd b. ʿUbādah, and he is ill." A man from them stood up, praised Allah and extolled Him, and said: "To proceed: we are the Anṣār and the battalion of Islam, and you, O company of Quraysh, are a small band among us. A group of your people has come to us, and they want to deprive us of the affair." When he fell silent, and I had prepared in my mind a speech to deliver before Abū Bakr, when I wanted to speak, Abū Bakr said: "Gently!" He stood up, praised Allah, and did not leave out anything I had prepared in my mind except that he brought it or something better. He said: "O company of Anṣār, you do not mention a virtue except that you are worthy of it, and the Arabs do not recognize this affair except for Quraysh. They are the middle of the Arabs in abode and lineage. I am pleased for you with one of these two men." He took my hand and the hand of Abū ʿUbaydah b. al-Jarrāḥ. By Allah, I disliked nothing of his speech except that word. If I were to be brought forward and my neck struck for something that does not bring me near to a sin, that would be dearer to me than to be made commander over a people among whom is Abū Bakr. When Abū Bakr finished his speech, a man from them stood up and said: "I am its little trimmed palm trunk, and its little propped-up palm shoot. From us an amīr, and from you an amīr." Voices and clamor rose. When I feared disagreement, I said to Abū Bakr: "Extend your hand so that I may pledge allegiance to you." He extended his hand, and I pledged allegiance to him, and the people pledged allegiance to him. Then we leaped upon Saʿd b. ʿUbādah, and one of them said: "You have killed Saʿd!" I said: "May Allah kill Saʿd." By Allah, we found no matter stronger than the allegiance to Abū Bakr. I feared that if I left the people without an allegiance having taken place, they might make an allegiance after us, and then either we would follow them in what we did not approve, or we would oppose them and that would be corruption. The General Pledge of Allegiance and the Speeches of ʿUmar and Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Isḥāq b. Yasār said: al-Zuhrī narrated to me: Anas b. Mālik narrated to me, saying: When Abū Bakr was pledged allegiance in the Saqīfah, and the next day came, Abū Bakr sat on the pulpit. ʿUmar stood and spoke before Abū Bakr. He praised Allah and extolled Him as befits Him, then said: "O people, yesterday I said to you a statement that was not from what I found in the Book of Allah, nor was it a covenant that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ entrusted to me. But I thought that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ would manage our affair—meaning, that he would be the last of us. Allah has kept among you His Book, by which He guided the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. If you hold fast to it, Allah will guide you to what He guided him. Allah has united your affair upon the best of you: the Companion of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and the second of two when they were in the cave. So rise and pledge allegiance to him." So the people pledged allegiance to Abū Bakr with the general pledge after the Saqīfah pledge. Then Abū Bakr spoke, praised Allah and extolled Him as befits Him, then said: "To proceed: O people, I have been put in authority over you, and I am not the best of you. If I do well, help me; and if I do wrong, set me right. Truthfulness is a trust, and lying is a betrayal. The weak among you is strong in my sight until I give him his right, if Allah wills, and the strong among you is weak until I take the right from him, if Allah wills. No people abandon jihād in the path of Allah except that Allah strikes them with humiliation, and no indecency spreads among a people except that Allah spreads affliction among them. Obey me as long as I obey Allah and His Messenger. If I disobey Allah and His Messenger, then you have no obedience to me. Rise to your prayer, may Allah have mercy on you." And this is a sound chain of transmission. The Companions, ؓ, agreed at that time upon the allegiance to al-Ṣiddīq, even ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām, ؓ and grant them contentment. Evidence for that is from Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ passed away, and the people gathered in the house of Saʿd b. ʿUbādah, among them Abū Bakr and ʿUmar. He said: The speaker of the Anṣār stood up and said: "Do you know that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was from the Muhājirūn, and his successor is from the Muhājirūn? We were the helpers of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, so we are the helpers of his successor, just as we were his helpers." He said: ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb stood up and said: "Your speaker has spoken the truth. Had you said otherwise, we would not have followed you." He took the hand of Abū Bakr and said: "This is your companion, so pledge allegiance to him." So ʿUmar pledged allegiance to him, and the Muhājirūn and the Anṣār pledged allegiance to him. He said: Abū Bakr ascended the pulpit, looked at the faces of the people, and did not see al-Zubayr. He said: He summoned al-Zubayr, and he came. He said: "I said: 'Cousin of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and his disciple, did you intend to split the staff of the Muslims?!'" He said: "No blame, O successor of the Messenger of Allah." Then he stood and pledged allegiance to him. Then he looked at the faces of the people and did not see ʿAlī. He summoned ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, and he came. He said: "You said: 'Cousin of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and his son-in-law through his daughter, did you intend to split the staff of the Muslims?!'" He said: "No blame, O successor of the Messenger of Allah." So he pledged allegiance to him. This or its meaning. Al-Ḥāfiẓ Abū ʿAlī al-Naysābūrī said: I heard Ibn Khuzaymah say: Muslim b. al-Ḥajjāj came to me and asked me about this ḥadīth. I wrote it for him on a piece of paper and read it to him. He said: "This is a ḥadīth worth a camel." I said: "Worth a camel?! Rather, this is worth a bag of money." And from Saʿd b. Ibrāhīm: My father narrated to me that his father ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf was with ʿUmar, and that Muḥammad b. Maslamah broke the sword of al-Zubayr. Then Abū Bakr delivered a speech and apologized to the people, saying: "By Allah, I was never eager for the command for a day or a night, nor did I ask Allah for it in secret or openly." The Muhājirūn accepted his statement, and ʿAlī and al-Zubayr said: "We were not angry except because we were delayed from the consultation. We consider Abū Bakr the most entitled of the people to it after the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He is indeed the companion of the cave, and we know his honor and his goodness. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ commanded him to lead the people in prayer while he was alive." This is what befits ʿAlī, ؓ, and what the reports indicate: his witnessing the prayers with him, his going out with him to Dhū al-Qaṣṣah after the death of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and his offering him sincere counsel and consultation before him. As for what comes later regarding his pledging allegiance to him after the death of Fāṭimah—who died after her father, peace and blessings be upon him, by six months—that is interpreted as a second pledge that removed the estrangement that had occurred because of the discussion about the inheritance and his withholding it from them based on the explicit text from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ in his saying: "We are not inherited from; what we leave behind is charity."
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